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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Physics
Description
An account of the resource
Historic scientific instruments held by the Department of Physics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA.
Physical Object
Use this field for any solid object.
Physical Dimensions
The actual physical size of the original image
<em>*Referring to the front of the box being the locking side and the measurements being inturpreted from left to right*<br /></em><br /><strong>Tube Dimensions:</strong> 155 cm Long. Diameters of outermost feature of glass from leftmost to right: 33.15mm 53.54mm 34.01mm Bulb - 29.8cm circumference 33.64mm 51.80mm 33.43mm Tube Mass 984.4 grams<br /><br /><strong>Box dimensions:</strong> 162.5cm Length x 14.5cm Height x 15.2cm Width. Box wall thickness at 1cm and holding blocks thickness at 2cm. Distance between holding blocks 138.5cm. Height of holding blocks 17.8cm *<em>Referring to the front of the box being the locking side and the blocks being numbered from left to right</em>. Distance between storage blocks 1 and 2 is 61.3cm. Distance between storage blocks 2 and 3 is 83.3cm. Distance between locks 1 and 2 is 61.8cm. Distance between locks 2 and 3 is 60.3cm. Glass sections Width - 9.2cm Length - 48.7cm<br /><br /><br /><strong>Random items:</strong> Traces of excelsior (shredded fluffy wood) which was possibly used to ship the item.<br />String attached to storage block 2 Bottom of box is unfinished Strange piece of wood found in the box
Materials
<strong>Tube:</strong> Primarily glass filled with a currently unknown gas, as well as a unknown liquid. Two electrodes made of a currently unidentifiable metal, but however thought to be platinum coated. (Contents are all inside glass tubes and cannot be physically tested without destroying the instrument) <br /><br /><strong>Box:</strong> Wood, glass, felt, and brass
Maker
Cenco - Central Scientific Company, Chicago Illinois
Inscriptions
<p>Inventory numbers on box: 0066 or 9900 | 74500 <br /><br /><strong><strong>Included Slip: </strong></strong>Inventory Numbers on slip: 5700 | 74500<br />"Description: Cenco Gleisser Tube for demonstrating the ionization of a gas under a the influence of a high potential. 155cm long. (An <span style="text-decoration:underline;">irreplaceable</span> eleaborate piece of glass blowing.)"<br /><br />Rec'd <span style="text-decoration:underline;"> HH </span> Cost <span style="text-decoration:underline;"> $200 </span><br />The cost was crossed out with the word void above it (See photo)</p>
History of the Object
This Geissler tube was made by Cenco in Chicago IL. It is undated, however due to a purchase slip for the piece containing both MTU and MCMT (standing for Michigan Technological University and Michigan College of Mining and Technology, respectively) it was likely purchased in the 1960s, around the time Michigan Tech changed its name for the final time. Cenco or Central Scientific Company was created in 1900 out of the former Olmstad Scientific Company which was destroyed in a fire. Cenco sold scientific education equipment through a mail order catalogue.
Age - 40+ years old purchased back when MTU had the name MCMT, bought for $200 adjusted for inflation about $1600 today.
Location
The location of the interview
Physics Department
Bibliography
<ul><li>Greenslade, Jr. Thomas B. "<a href="http://physics.kenyon.edu/EarlyApparatus/Static_Electricity/Geissler_Tubes/Geissler_Tubes.html.">Geissler Tubes</a>." Kenyon College Physics. Accessed March 22, 2017. [2024: URL is down, but top page is at <a href="https://physics.kenyon.edu/EarlyApparatus/">https://physics.kenyon.edu/EarlyApparatus/</a>]</li>
<li>"<a href="https://www.crtsite.com/page6.html">Geissler tubes. The first page, discharge light</a>," <em>The Cathode Ray Tube site</em>. Accessed March 21, 2024. [lots of images of functioning tubes]</li>
</ul>
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Geissler Tube
Description
An account of the resource
<h2>Physical Description</h2>
This Geissler tube is approximately 155 centimeters long and weighs 984.4 grams or about 2.17 pounds. The outer tube is made up of symmetric sections of long tubes with a large bulb at the center. These sections themselves contain smaller sections of various tubes and bulbs. These smaller sections hold the conducting fluids and rare gases that when electrified create different colors of light. These smaller sections of glass tubing were made to be attention grabbing with swirling, spiraling and zig-zagging shapes. <br /><p><br /><strong>Condition:</strong> Damaged, electrical damage that blackened one side and knocked the platinum electrodes loose. The instrument may possibly work with a tesla field. This Geissler tube is missing the small wires that should extend from both ends to allow it to be hooked up to a power source.</p>
<h2><br />Functional Use</h2>
A Geissler tube is a gas discharge tube that lights up or fluoresces when a current is applied to the electrodes at either end of the tube. Geissler tubes were a novelty used for entertainment, but could also be used for demonstrations in classes like physics or chemistry. They were also used as high voltage indicators because they light up without contact when brought near a high voltage alternating current. Unfortunately this Geissler tube has a broken electrode on one end and is inoperable. To use the Geissler tube, the user must apply high voltage across the electrodes on each end of the glass tube. When a current is applied and flows through the tube, an electrical field is created between the two electrodes. In general, any free electrons in an electrical field will accelerate from the negative electrode towards the positive electrode. The electrons in the tube accelerating from the negative electrode to the positive electrode, will collide with the gas molecules in the tube. This collision may cause the electrons to give some of their energy to the gas molecules they are colliding with causing the gas molecules jump to a higher energy or excited state. The gas molecules do not stay in their excited state, instead they get rid of their excess energy by emitting their excess energy as light. The energy that is emitted is equal to the difference in energy between the gas molecule’s normal state and excited state. This energy determines which color of light will be emitted. The energy of the light is inversely related to the wavelength of the light and the wavelength of the light emitted is associated with a certain color of light. For example, Mercury vapor (Hg) can emit purple, blue, green or yellow color lights depending on how big the energy gap is between its excited and normal state. If the energy gap, and therefore the energy emitted is very large, Mercury will emit a purple light which has a shorter wavelength. Conversely if the energy emitted is smaller, Mercury will emit a green or yellow light which both have longer wavelengths. Although they have used almost all kinds of gasses in experimentation, Noble gasses such as Argon and Neon were favored for Geissler tubes as they are easier gasses to excite and produced a greater spectra (glowing light). Different gases have specific colors of light they can emit and so the color that the Geissler tube lights up depends on the gas inside of it.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Elisha Earley, TJ Johnston, Nick Littlefield, John Medley, and Anna Polk
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
Procured around the 1960's. Purchased back when Michigan Tech was transitioning names from Michigan College of Mining and Technology (MCMT) to Michigan Technological University (MTU)
Subject
The topic of the resource
Physics
Language
A language of the resource
English
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Physical Object
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
United States
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
No accession number
Chemistry
entertainment
fun
Gas
Gasses
Geissler
Hg
Mercury
Noble
novelty
physics
Tube
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
A.E. Seaman Mineral Museum
Description
An account of the resource
Historic scientific instruments held by the A.E. Seaman Mineral Museum, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA.
Physical Object
Use this field for any solid object.
Physical Dimensions
The actual physical size of the original image
Total height: 20.4cm
Stand to tip Including glass tube length: 27.5cm
Glass tube length: 20.4cm
Glass tube circumference: 9.7cm
Outward facing tube diam.: 2.3cm
Outward facing tube length from stand: 10.6cm
Materials
Copper, glass, rubber
Maker
Reynolds M. Denning, Houghton, Michigan
History of the Object
Not much is known regarding this particular Crookes tube, other than that it was built by Reynolds M. Denning in the mid 1940s. It is thought that the tube was constructed at the Michigan College of Mining and Technology (now Michigan Technological University), though even this isn’t known for sure. At the time that Denning designed and built his Crookes tube, this type of appliance was somewhat antiquated, with other, more efficient, X-ray and electron beam generators readily available. This would suggest that he constructed this particular device for his own enjoyment rather than for any research purpose. This would be consistent with his fascination with different instruments. Denning was known to design and construct many apparatuses, both for professional reasons and as a hobby. Denning’s research interests did, however, include crystallography, optics, and various physics topics, which may have inspired him to create a Crookes tube.
Denning was born on September 3rd, 1916 in Fitchburg, MA to William Wallace and Emma McConnell Denning. His father was a research electrical engineer, and young “Rey” received much of his first knowledge from him. However, Rey’s father died in 1932, and him and his mother moved to Rochester, NY. It was here that Denning got his first taste of academia when he performed physics experiments with the faculty at University of Rochester while still in high school.
After high school, Denning obtained his BS in geology in 1939 from the Michigan College of Mining and Technology. From here, he briefly worked with the Army Corps of Engineers in Arkansas before accepting a teaching fellowship in mineralogy through Stanford University. In 1942, Denning married Helen Green, then very quickly after, traveled to South America. Denning worked in Bolivia during World War II, researching mineralogy and geology regarding the mining of tin. He afterward returned to Houghton to complete his M.S. degree, writing his thesis on sandstone. This dissertation was titled "The Petrology of the Jacobsville Sandstone, Lake
Superior." Denning then continued his Ph.D. (which he began during his time at Stanford) at the University of Michigan. Denning wrote his doctoral thesis on the hardness of diamond and was granted his Ph.D. in 1953. In 1956, Denning became an associate professor at the University of Michigan where he continued research on diamonds, mixing in various aspects of optics. Denning was granted his full professorship in Minerology, and taught at the University of Michigan until his death in 1967.
Location
The location of the interview
A. E. Seaman Mineral Museum, Houghton, Michigan, catalog number: DM3323
Bibliography
<p>“<a href="https://www.lib.umich.edu/faculty-history/faculty/reynolds-m-denning/memorial">Reynolds M Denning Memorial</a>.” <em>University of Michigan Faculty History Project. </em>2011, accessed 2/25/17. <br />https://www.lib.umich.edu/faculty-history/faculty/reynolds-m-denning/memorial.</p>
<p>Cloke, Paul L., and Edward H. Poindexter. "<a href="http://www.minsocam.org/ammin/AM54/AM54_609.pdf">Memorial of Reynolds McConnell Denning</a>." Mineralogical Society of America. March & April 1967. Accessed March 20, 2017. http://www.minsocam.org/ammin/AM54/AM54_609.pdf.</p>
<p><span>Spiegel, Peter K. "The first clinical X-ray made in America--100 years." <em>AJR</em>.<em> American Journal of Roentgenology</em> 164, no. 1 (1995): 241-243.<br /></span><br />Crookes, William. "The Bakerian Lecture: On the Illumination of Lines of Molecular Pressure, and the Trajectory of Molecules." <em>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London</em>. Vol. 170. 135-164. 1878. Accessed March 20, 2017. http://rstl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/170/135.</p>
<p><em>Dictionary of Scientific Biography</em>, Edited by Charles Coulston Gillispie. Vol. 3. 474-481. NY: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1971.</p>
<p><span> </span></p>
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Crookes tube (X-ray generator)
Subject
The topic of the resource
Mineralogy; Physics; X-ray research
Description
An account of the resource
Physical Description: The body of the Crookes tube instrument consists of a copper cube, in the center of a metal stand. The stand consists of a long tube with three legs protruding from the base. There are two additional tubes that extend beyond the cube's surface. When looking at the instrument from the front, extending to the right is a glass cylinder that has copper tube extending the length of it on the inside. Less than halfway down the copper tube inside the glass cylinder is a metal ring that has holes along its circumference. Adjacent to the glass tube, pointing towards the viewer when looking at the instrument from the
front, is a metal tube. On the upper half of the instrument above the cube, there is a metal tube that narrows in diameter towards its top. The are several places that rubber vacuum tubes would attach to create a vacuum, two at the end of the glass cylinder, two at the end of the tube protruding from the top, and one directly attached to the main cube.
Functional Description: To operate the Crookes tube a voltage is applied between the metal electrodes at either end of the glass tube. The electric field produced by the application of a voltage causes the gas particles in the tube to accelerate and collide with other gas molecules. If the energy of the collision is high enough an electron will be forced off the gas molecule and a positive ion will form. This process of ionization will continue to occur as a chain reaction until most of the gas molecules in the tube have been ionized. The positive ions are then attracted to the negative cathode, and when the ions collide with the metal the electrons are removed from the surface. The voltage being applied to the tube causes the electrons to accelerate as they all move towards the positively charged anode at the other end of the tube. Due to the increased speed the electrons collide with the wall behind the anode which causes them to become excited. As the electrons become excited and return to their original energy level, x-rays are produced. The x-rays will then exit through the opening at the end of the metal tube which sits perpendicular to the glass tube. A sample can then be placed a certain distance away from the opening and when the x-rays hit the sample an image will be produced on a screen behind the sample.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Nicole Bliven, Shelby McGuire, Zach Nelson, Joseph Aldape, and Will Christian
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
c. 1940-1950
Language
A language of the resource
English
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Physical object
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
United States of America
Century: 20C
geology
physics
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Physics
Description
An account of the resource
Historic scientific instruments held by the Department of Physics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA.
Physical Object
Use this field for any solid object.
Physical Dimensions
The actual physical size of the original image
Outer Frame: 163 x 43.5 x 9 cm
Outer Diameter of coil: 30.5cm
Inner Diameter of coil: 23cm
Thickness of coil: 4cm
Corner of frame to attachment point of coil: 20cm
Weight: 37lbs (approx)
Gear Diameters: 8cm
Number of gears: 7
Total width (width rotator and gear rotor): 63cm
Pitch of the gear: 4mm
Materials
Wood, Brass, Copper, Aluminium, Plastic
Maker
Charles Edouard Joseph Delezenne
History of the Object
History at MTU: Dean Fisher, for which Fisher Hall is named, was a professor of Physics in the 1920s-1940s. The exact history of the device is unknown, but it’s reasonable to assume due to the apparent age of the device as well as Fisher’s research interests, that Dean Fisher may have made use of it as a teaching device in the first Geophysics classes that were added to the school’s catalog in the 1930s. The course catalogs from that time period list course B110, or Geophysics, specifically mention that “magnetic, gravitational, elastic, thermic, and radio-activity methods [of prospecting] will be studied.” The Earth Inductor could be one of the pieces of prospecting equipment used in the four hour a week field portion of the class, drawing on Dean Fisher’s famous use of earth resistors to determine approximate mineral composition of the earth below. [2] History before MTU: This instrument appears to have been custom-made for use by MTU faculty in order to demonstrate mutual inductance [3]. The build of the device is very similar to two stacked “Earth Inductors”, with a gear system forcing coupled motion. Research into similar dual-coil models has come up short, as this instrument was most likely made uniquely for use at the university. The earth inductor, or Delezenne’s Circle, was first developed by Charles Edouard Joseph Delezenne in the 1840’s, and documented in his paper, “Notions élémentaire sur les phénoménes d'induction”, published in the 1844 edition of <em>Memoirs of the Society of Sciences, Agriculture and Arts of Lille</em> (pp 1-132). Delezenne’s text was published in French only, but the title translates roughly to “Basic notions about induction phenomena.” Delezenne’s instrument was developed to be used as a tool for explaining the phenomenon of induction, discovered by Michael Faraday, to students. In the introduction to his text, he states, “It seemed to me, then, that young students, novices still in the study of the somewhat elevated parts of science, but wishing to learn the induction phenomena discovered by Mr. Faraday, needed to be prepared for fruitful reading.” (Original French: “Il m'a donc semblé que de jeunes étudiants, novices encore dans l'étude des parties un peu élevées de la science, mais désireux de s'initier aux phénomènes d'induction découverts par M. Faraday, avaient besoin d'être préparés pour lire avec fruit. [1]”)
Location
The location of the interview
Michigan Tech Physics Department
Bibliography
[1]Delezenne, C. E. (1844). Notions élémentaire sur les phénoménes d'induction.<em> Mémoires de la Société des sciences, de l'agriculture et des arts de Lille</em>,23, 1-132. Retrieved March 1, 2017, from <a href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5518284b/f1n468.texteBrut" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5518284b/f1n468.texteBrut</a> <br /><br />[2] Course Catalog for Fall 1937. Houghton, MI: Michigan College of Mining and Technology, 1937 <br /><br />[3] Young, Charles F. Interview by Luke Weidner. Personal interview. Michigan Tech, February 16, 2017.
Inscriptions
none
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Earth Inductor
Subject
The topic of the resource
Physics; Electromagnetism
Description
An account of the resource
<h2>Physical Description</h2>
A rectangular, lengthwise symmetric, wood frame (163cm X 43.5cm) that houses two rings (inner diam. 23cm, outer diam. 30.5cm), one on each side of the line of symmetry, which acts as spindles for wire. The frame is held together with brass fittings and brass screws. A newer-looking aluminum crank centered on one long side of the frame is connected by a shaft to a set of seven numbered brass gears (diam. 8cm) along the opposite side of the frame. The gears rotate the spindles 360° while keeping them parallel. Each spindle, around which wire can be coiled over 100 times, has a commutator through which an electric current can be measured. <br /><h2>Functional Description</h2>
The instrument demonstrates Faraday’s Law of Induction, which states that a changing magnetic field (in direction or in magnitude) passing through a circuit generates an electromotive force, or voltage, in the circuit. The Earth Inductor instrument uses earth’s magnetic field, which is approximately constant in time but varies by location, to induce a current in a coil of wire. The operator turns the handle, rotating the wooden circle containing the coils of wire, which causes the amount of magnetic flux passing through the coil to change based on its angle with respect to earth’s magnetic field. An ammeter connected to the metal terminals records the generated electric field through time, and the angle of earth’s magnetic field lines can then be determined based on the angle of the coil at which the maximum electric field is measured. The large number of turns of wire in the coil, over 1000 turns, amplifies the resulting current because the observed electric field is proportional to the number of wire turns. Earth’s magnetic field is relatively weak, normally requiring very sensitive instruments to measure. Mutual inductance is a second phenomenon demonstrated by the earth inductor, and is the reason for having two connected coils. The current generated by a single coil from earth’s field is not constant with time, and therefore generates its own independent magnetic field. This secondary field influences the electric field of a secondary, distant coil, and the difference between the primary induction and the secondary induction can be measured.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Ajay Vasu, Zane Barker, Daniel Ratkos, Luke Weidner, Lindsey Wells
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1920-1940
Language
A language of the resource
English
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
physical object
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
United States
Electromagnetism
geophysics
induction
-
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6e689993e9fe5cf310cc1175b2145231
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
A.E. Seaman Mineral Museum
Description
An account of the resource
Historic scientific instruments held by the A.E. Seaman Mineral Museum, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA.
Physical Object
Use this field for any solid object.
Physical Dimensions
The actual physical size of the original image
Mortar: Base: 2cm Top: 3.5cm Height: 2cm Pestle: length: 4cm diameter: 8mm, 1.5cm
Materials
sonte (agate)
Maker
unknown
Inscriptions
none
Location
The location of the interview
A.E. Seaman Mineral Museum
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Agate Mortar and Pestle (1/3)
Subject
The topic of the resource
Geology, Mineralogy and Crystallography
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Savannah de Luca
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Physical object
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
none
Description
An account of the resource
<strong>Physical Description</strong><br />There are three unique agate mortar and pestles at A.E. Seaman Mineral Museum. The largest mortar measures three centimeters in diameter at the base, while the matching pestle measures five centimeters in length. This mortar and pestle set is a light brown color with translucent areas. The pestle is lighter than the mortar. Both are cut from agate, which gives the set a marbled and inconsistent color pattern. The mortar is a rounded bowl on the inside, but the outside edges form an octagonal shape. Each end of the pestle is rounded; one end of the pestle is smaller in diameter than the other by four and one half centimeters. <br /><br /><strong>Functional Description</strong> <br />The mortar and pestle has been used in laboratories for centuries for grinding and crushing various substances. This mortar and pestle is still in use for grinding powders for X-Ray diffraction. The mortar is shaped like a bowl in order to hold a certain amount of the substance to be ground. The pestle is then used to mash and grind the substance in the bowl until the desired consistency is reached. The agate mortar and pestle is used in circumstances where cross contamination must be avoided. This is because agate is one of the finest, most non-porous natural materials available for a grinding surface. Bacteria, contaminants, and other particles cannot penetrate the material.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
unknown
Language
A language of the resource
n/a
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
A.E. Seaman Mineral Museum
Description
An account of the resource
Historic scientific instruments held by the A.E. Seaman Mineral Museum, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA.
Physical Object
Use this field for any solid object.
Physical Dimensions
The actual physical size of the original image
Box Length: 44cm Width: 28cm Depth: 5.5cm
Materials
Box: Oak with brass hardware
Slides: Glass, paper tag with ink, mineral specimen
Inscriptions
Writing in ink: "Other Common Rock Forming/Minerals"
Location
The location of the interview
A.E. Seaman Mineral Museum
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Microscope Slides in Box
Subject
The topic of the resource
Geology, Mineralogy and Crystallography
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Savannah de Luca
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
c. 1880
Language
A language of the resource
English
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Physical object
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
DM 31417
Description
An account of the resource
<h2>Physical Description</h2>
These microscope slides are contained in a lightly colored oak box, featuring thin cuts of wood and brass hardware. The locking mechanism on the front of the box is made up of two rotating hooks on each side, located near the top of the box, and two open loops, located near the bottom of the box. The top of the box reads, in hand-written black ink, “Other Common Rock Forming/Minerals.” The box opens up to reveal 282 glass microscope slides and 18 empty slots for missing slides. Each slide is made of a mineral sample pressed onto a cut of glass. Each slide has two labels attached to the glass; on one of the labels, a typed font displays the words: “MICHIGAN MINING SCHOOL. NO.” and features a number unique to each mineral sample. On the other label, a name, number, and location of each mineral sample is hand-written in black ink. <br /><h2>Functional Description</h2>
The glass slides contains a mineral to be examined at a microscopic level. Slides were used to press thin strips of minerals flat and hold them easily for examination. The slide containing the mineral was placed and secured, and then the microscope is adjusted for viewing.
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
A.E. Seaman Mineral Museum
Description
An account of the resource
Historic scientific instruments held by the A.E. Seaman Mineral Museum, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA.
Physical Object
Use this field for any solid object.
Physical Dimensions
The actual physical size of the original image
Length: average 5cm by 5cm
Materials
Pearwood
Maker
Dr. F. Kranz, Bonn, Germany
Inscriptions
Some have identification numbers cut into them pertaining to each kit they originally came from, some have writing in ink on the flat faces that identify the mineral they model.
Location
The location of the interview
A.E. Seaman Mineral Museum
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Wooden Crystal Models - Tetragonal
Subject
The topic of the resource
Geology, Mineralogy and Crystallography
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Savannah de Luca
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
c. 1910
Language
A language of the resource
English
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Physical object
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
none
Description
An account of the resource
<h2>Physical Description</h2>
These crystal models are composed of light pearwood. Each model is precisely shaped with correct facets and angles to illustrate seven different groups of crystal structures: isometric, tetragonal, hexagonal, orthorhombic, monoclinic, triclinic/trigonal, and twins. Some have been carefully sanded to represent natural curvature of face edges. Each individual model is unique, the length varying from 3 to 7 centimeters and the width from 2 to 7 centimeters. Some have identification numbers carved into them, which pertain to their original kit number given by the manufacturer. Some have handwritten numbers in black ink on their flat faces, which identify the name of the crystal they represent.<br /><h2>Functional Description</h2>
These crystal models were made as a tool for teaching crystallography and the morphology of crystals. Each model has unique external symmetry that replicates the actual crystal, providing a hands-on teaching practice that is still used today in class rooms. This specific collection is still used to teach crystallography at Michigan Technological University.
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
A.E. Seaman Mineral Museum
Description
An account of the resource
Historic scientific instruments held by the A.E. Seaman Mineral Museum, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA.
Physical Object
Use this field for any solid object.
Physical Dimensions
The actual physical size of the original image
Length: at least 5cm in length, varies up to 9 cm Width: 2cm at least, varies up to 6cm
Materials
Pearwood
Maker
Dr. F. Kranz, Bonn, Germany
Inscriptions
Some have identification numbers cut into them pertaining to each kit they originally came from, some have writing in ink on the flat faces that identify the mineral they model.
Location
The location of the interview
A.E. Seaman Mineral Museum
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Wooden Crystal Models - Triclinic/Trigonal unpaired
Subject
The topic of the resource
Geology, Mineralogy and Crystallography
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Savannah de Luca
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
c. 1910
Language
A language of the resource
English
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Physical object
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
none
Description
An account of the resource
<h2>Physical Description</h2>
These crystal models are composed of a lightly colored Pearwood. Each model is precisely shaped with correct angles to illustrate various examples of seven different groups of crystal structures: isometric, tetragonal, hexagonal, orthorhombic, monoclinic, triclinic/trigonal, and twins. Some have been carefully sanded to represent natural curvature of face edges. Because each individual model is unique, the length varies from 3 to 7 centimeters, the width varies from 2 to 7 centimeters, and each has a unique weight. Some have identification numbers carved into them, which pertains to their original kit number given by the manufacturer. Some have hand written numbers in black ink on their flat faces, which identify the name of the crystal they represent. <br /><h2>Functional Description</h2>
These wooden crystal models were created as educational tools. The intent is to aid in the naming and identification of crystals by type. Each category of models is labeled in a separate box at the A.E. Seaman Mineral Museum. These models are still in use today at Michigan Technological University.
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
A.E. Seaman Mineral Museum
Description
An account of the resource
Historic scientific instruments held by the A.E. Seaman Mineral Museum, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA.
Physical Object
Use this field for any solid object.
Physical Dimensions
The actual physical size of the original image
Length: 3 to 8cm Width: 3 to 6cm, variation
Materials
Pearwood
Maker
Dr. F. Kranz, Bonn, Germany
Inscriptions
Some have identification numbers cut into them pertaining to each kit they originally came from, some have writing in ink on the flat faces that identify the mineral they model.
Location
The location of the interview
A.E. Seaman Mineral Museum
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Wooden Crystal Models - Monoclinic/Triclinic
Subject
The topic of the resource
Geology, Mineralogy and Crystallography
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Savannah de Luca
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
c. 1910
Language
A language of the resource
English
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Physical object
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
none
Description
An account of the resource
<h2>Physical Description</h2>
These crystal models are composed of a lightly colored Pearwood. Each model is precisely shaped with correct angles to illustrate various examples of seven different groups of crystal structures: isometric, tetragonal, hexagonal, orthorhombic, monoclinic, triclinic/trigonal, and twins. Some have been carefully sanded to represent natural curvature of face edges. Because each individual model is unique, the length varies from 3 to 7 centimeters, the width varies from 2 to 7 centimeters, and each has a unique weight. Some have identification numbers carved into them, which pertains to their original kit number given by the manufacturer. Some have hand written numbers in black ink on their flat faces, which identify the name of the crystal they represent.
<h2>Functional Description</h2>
These wooden crystal models were created as educational tools. The intent is to aid in the naming and identification of crystals by type. Each category of models is labeled in a separate box at the A.E. Seaman Mineral Museum. These models are still in use today at Michigan Technological University.
-
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
A.E. Seaman Mineral Museum
Description
An account of the resource
Historic scientific instruments held by the A.E. Seaman Mineral Museum, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA.
Physical Object
Use this field for any solid object.
Physical Dimensions
The actual physical size of the original image
Length: 6 to 8cm Width: 4 to 7cm, variable
Materials
Pearwood
Maker
Dr. F. Kranz, Bonn, Germany
Inscriptions
Some have identification numbers cut into them pertaining to each kit they originally came from, some have writing in ink on the flat faces that identify the mineral they model.
Location
The location of the interview
A.E. Seaman Mineral Museum
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Wooden Crystal Models - Twins
Subject
The topic of the resource
Geology, Mineralogy and Crystallography
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Savannah de Luca
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
c. 1910
Language
A language of the resource
English
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Physical object
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
none
Description
An account of the resource
<h2>Physical Description</h2>
These crystal models are composed of a lightly colored Pearwood. Each model is precisely shaped with correct angles to illustrate various examples of seven different groups of crystal structures: isometric, tetragonal, hexagonal, orthorhombic, monoclinic, triclinic/trigonal, and twins. Some have been carefully sanded to represent natural curvature of face edges. Because each individual model is unique, the length varies from 3 to 7 centimeters, the width varies from 2 to 7 centimeters, and each has a unique weight. Some have identification numbers carved into them, which pertains to their original kit number given by the manufacturer. Some have hand written numbers in black ink on their flat faces, which identify the name of the crystal they represent.<br /><h2>Functional Description</h2>
These wooden crystal models were created as educational tools. The intent is to aid in the naming and identification of crystals by type. Each category of models is labeled in a separate box at the A.E. Seaman Mineral Museum. These models are still in use today at Michigan Technological University.
-
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
A.E. Seaman Mineral Museum
Description
An account of the resource
Historic scientific instruments held by the A.E. Seaman Mineral Museum, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA.
Physical Object
Use this field for any solid object.
Physical Dimensions
The actual physical size of the original image
Length: 6 to 8cm Width: 3 to 6cm, variable
Materials
Pearwood
Maker
Dr. F. Kranz, Bonn, Germany
Inscriptions
Some have identification numbers cut into them pertaining to each kit they originally came from, some have writing in ink on the flat faces that identify the mineral they model.
Location
The location of the interview
A.E. Seaman Mineral Museum
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Wooden Crystal Models - Hexagonal
Subject
The topic of the resource
Geology, Mineralogy and Crystallography
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Savannah de Luca
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
c. 1910
Language
A language of the resource
English
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Physical object
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
none
Description
An account of the resource
<h2>Physical Description</h2>
These crystal models are composed of a lightly colored Pearwood. Each model is precisely shaped with correct angles to illustrate various examples of seven different groups of crystal structures: isometric, tetragonal, hexagonal, orthorhombic, monoclinic, triclinic/trigonal, and twins. Some have been carefully sanded to represent natural curvature of face edges. Because each individual model is unique, the length varies from 3 to 7 centimeters, the width varies from 2 to 7 centimeters, and each has a unique weight. Some have identification numbers carved into them, which pertains to their original kit number given by the manufacturer. Some have hand written numbers in black ink on their flat faces, which identify the name of the crystal they represent. <br /><h2>Functional Description</h2>
These wooden crystal models were created as educational tools. The intent is to aid in the naming and identification of crystals by type. Each category of models is labeled in a separate box at the A.E. Seaman Mineral Museum. These models are still in use today at Michigan Technological University.