1
10
69
-
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/28382/archive/files/9e64aa96d84e826f63ef728724deff81.jpg?Expires=1712793600&Signature=X0ja5S6dEFzvDUzvNkTlrO6RagCa6G0xQURw%7EEtSK5vlM%7EjSkbuGt%7EO6xNlcd0KzjPpsy6qnxIsM34Lx1cm5-8IqBlGCr6nUq6Vl-51pARGdfGb1pGzShQUhhc1YYyZBQ7SzlIKtWR72EHPOXIqgnmmqO7KkuAVQ82iYIFxoI5zkH7TUUTtUE%7E6Vm8NhewEEPbIDQJcOxlL53OsdBMZ1LGRBvm0SnMvk2lwlK6M5232qJn99WcQV2-MduyEosSBvEvlSe-GERy67mhjC6mRt5j09zsLtw4DSEK0EpZCrD1nA5doFtSVIJVDT0BJUmgYfDWVaqt9Ua6DhWaGlIpiR%7EQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
2bdff18f2a40fe73e109bcd6a395220d
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/28382/archive/files/c76e8694af95de54dc447d587f82de2c.jpg?Expires=1712793600&Signature=p0eBfkH8-ZjtxheYhjRdERGvq3Az130i-mFR%7EXXUsGUpyK3%7EUsDr7u8hRXVZBPnl-A57pugkoavUnMeio6n9FGSj64kyXbrCAXOYXBb6KteR8e4D5tP2zgqn8klqeHHmEPmjEt3B3ByzqgTiscQHSdR0wquBgjCtOgcwH6xN8uECsc30Ybk4%7EEkytSpt6%7EspKMhKq8KCeJuC0T%7Emn2pE2nrvdqBlR3-jUR4KairfNKZZfzWSYEUwHlUrmMtzgEmZZO3wtSEOMwDel9Ifco2bqTIyviAZYDOms5eftvQ1Tyw7is6vda%7EATkcYpRo8pagHk-pbvr4X6DiB3Br67NaSVg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
1082544bbfd2909f8a2be0476a052778
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/28382/archive/files/d8006452a9495c3ed62a6b809def2b7c.jpg?Expires=1712793600&Signature=Pn8Wla9fe7ZqaOd55256VyNoW0osMGx-0ylf5CsipRjcJwkd%7EevMns9g77uIH%7ETh4vkS11A7W49IP%7EVtN%7EW%7EaRsh-CjboHM1bcewB4JfFY45ldAEvY-8xcbR97AKokGyIvOxKVTZQt18jkKmB6iPkxXpqLD%7ENNEUqa4yhB64EpINEk3g31y5nInwGMnpAXNySbRZH-JjPqdJmPboLFGRolct1xp0aK7yjA3PVOGZORSlBS6PGJchtUrmOs0goIMfsjmJ%7EeewG5eXW9VdpBXmzkBcfaMgGf7Oa%7El1OhMe1v9bhKUCu5Pyv9i%7EdBJzFgrIeHr3AGDmYbQSp26MWwzfvA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
5adcecd9c5ed61b8098ba2561fcc6264
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/28382/archive/files/6000468ac81a01d3d69416d2eaa760e4.jpg?Expires=1712793600&Signature=Q1BzqU0x%7EU80u3o2g70X5ba7XSkHY1g0B0uWAxSKiqq0HtFcZncjYIRH9U1TncmQyECG5SLYwYth-CfHkgEyT367DbDCGmihD0W5UHdNmH336dDIG3eQLk2Yoe1o00f3TQ7u78Px5wwGGcq9htKGJy81OwdvxxCf90xaMx-C9Bl4xJgWwBM3qgfdBGr4R6hzoMZfJK9s0Vs5VSU-FmivXr66tjQo5HZw49HPe8Tj7MF18fzi9COIEHzgXWOQwEBzObiJGdh2e-a5MqVL529YrFInQLZ08Cnt68GB0nhyeWJ9qLAZDja6RCD514Zt06tjNobRAhJ%7Eh0X7L%7EvJJPHChQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
8b660a6fe67edbbced3aba3041be79e3
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/28382/archive/files/641eaabaff83061229bdf50d8cb17558.jpg?Expires=1712793600&Signature=cep41FcHRRVONdbMR8tsccij0baVxaSNNBdo8dj8rkXQn-NaWrdhUr-WgXjRV7P%7EFAL0Sue4kVueVRNEqkYwPv4LO6HMOW8-xdzjD1BxFIxRs9EwV8uxO296w7OOh%7EojqcTpdPZZQDN032%7EfkcYs%7EaWSLuBjQhMobC06fLBx1IavWlvXKHoqP6UZtWQsDWF5bGzWD9P0VGEz-LVlb5x0icynAf4-dmV78VwCK9vGop5OT-dyvHLGuBrlRffBNPeNuJEHTufjWqxJU-6g3rkr2V1VA8S8t4K30sdb6CQw-FGbF3WA-aIgqbZAsyV5z%7E-5InLVzACdTLiNFmcpH9LXAA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
0990eec4b56edc44f71d64868649013e
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/28382/archive/files/249c2c2ccad6a2a5084d93f1b32826c1.jpg?Expires=1712793600&Signature=aIy3f2S2iqRqI0DKpl7QY6NjaJij%7EMKGLNaT2FhgSmDYfYC228Eg8a-onjc4zQ%7Enmd8VoXA1ofolUmqnie0RjmaPT16onaew6rJeiDHLyql07WRouGu4MqJQGcPhF6QcTFe65Jb1fg-K%7ED7TPW4hAvZBXpYuAMeWrvPqR%7EcHtukLGT5sd4D-1qzqdyJp8105pXVl18nwh%7ESEknWA2qNO6-amVZP0tn8PjovJRIDk8tDk4kmvr7gfz6qQz1cxOoaWpJ-x88YZffk672rcMiJfeeHsRM0Sm9nXq8AHu%7EtuZP4-Pm5MYHfiiZEEfanSvVm2s9%7EtKHZf3rClmhoSPdKMQg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
20944b8dd7cdc7aa33425a0a60bc62da
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/28382/archive/files/3e52b615d56281709c393c344b7a064b.jpg?Expires=1712793600&Signature=umy81IYPArQxhbgbu0MaXyR-rvC1COtpu%7ElGn4IVB13oezn9%7E4fdIa8-hk0y7enjmH%7ER0PSSR4pyrm7%7EcodbSiJKLuYtkAfyjyFkCMib5hQbTe-XZ8OkQBVGSF1Pk1P6dcVN5gPBiAsdaTFJ60nAE2aRFuP3yTks6UGRSgNigYxPM02xtvGg97BzgOvYCJxoaqXcWY-NCcU7uJQSVcwbLv-ue1M7bkD7g0F6p8LcTBd-2doG8TelE-Jk98Ce4IMmKt3KugKixmxidop1QypSijDo8F75uaKsS8wLFoYLtsCVHRq6jtepNs0iE8H%7Ergpor4ucHz-eUcY9Vvi06HJZ-Q__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
a2ad6a63b9398397fe7a8e800d04c337
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/28382/archive/files/5364c461ae5a34bbb19ca17a9bb1fee5.jpg?Expires=1712793600&Signature=DikBeAUMQMqBZ88lr3mvKPjHLE7bLPzaANa8FyTrcfWeffbW6nRzmFHyS%7EWLVOgxx33hbvFpGDkbTOpBdoJ6dfDR%7EPJl-bJhhiVYsfbh%7E7VZ2%7EnsXLTVOpjC2RtJrw0w88PGi0TzbAeSPMycgCzBjxCFIt3ahUnWWVnw6iwEJw8DvVYdoLtVd64feSjeby7vHOegHxn0VFyohAg4PRcBtaIdRSC9Ie-yMaUC6cAczcDuX%7EMl1KAEOEOd1oMheHexlN3vNPB0tPA0D3UPu4u45u%7Eka21jfeIFhoVy4p08AKUq9edWycJRgQmU9zth9biypPUiceQQFvfIi-bcGaXDVA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
ba1a3aa68eedd73163f2d6a5b7ce8e0e
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/28382/archive/files/09cfa468d8a4fa530bd0e86ebb3b4061.jpg?Expires=1712793600&Signature=TslmZDHvSmMPi389P617SzRsFnqPq8fwpGEKkdLCino%7EqFZy-C30di3ya-XzMDYBmstNuChx%7EL%7EVyo%7EfFK3EFJydutc7ilhnCliKTEf2mcG5g5dxG9wKAqQs%7EFKLYtOOGMZ03i9gTdhX9Ve5%7Eg-4yh21b1c2y5FZZ9dLoTdEUbghAZBGm%7EIHMXA1lIHh2CJSOx0Z8SGlGq9Gn%7Ej3a%7Eh1%7EQsBfN6Kw5lGVzjbCQcWYfxn7BeEYP29e4QedehpDYhUpRNTAm11gS9EZynNW9B%7EGZv4YlBpoQJVgM4T1UKji78RTO1SpepNBQiOwhIN1dC9aSNf9Y8H7Jek3t3enp%7E7cA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
7662e8f42a15aea62a374559ae6e4b5a
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Alumni House
Description
An account of the resource
Historic scientific instruments held by Alumni Affairs, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA.
Physical Object
Use this field for any solid object.
Physical Dimensions
The actual physical size of the original image
338 mm x 386 mm x 235 mm
Materials
Wood, Ceramic/Stone, Glass, Metal, Brass
Maker
Christian Beckering Inc., New York, NY
Location
The location of the interview
Alumini House: Front office
Bibliography
Paselk, R. "Analytical Balance, Chainomatic." Analytical Balance, Chainomatic. September 22, 2013. Accessed March 02, 2017.
https://www2.humboldt.edu/scimus/HSC.36-53/Descriptions/ChBal52.htm
Macnevin, William M. The analytical balance—its care and use. Sandusky, Ohio: Handbook Publishers, Inc., 1951.
Stock, John T. "The 'chainomatic' principle, used earlier in other connections, but patented by Christian A. Becker (18741946) in 1915." In Development of the Chemical Balance, 30. London: Her Majesty's Stationary Office, 1969.
Inscriptions
<strong>MCMT-9614</strong> <br />[bottom left of the frame’s left face] <br /><strong><br />R20770</strong> <br />[bottom left of the frame’s right face]<br /><br /><strong>Christian Beckering Inc., New York</strong> <br />[bottom face of the device]
History of the Object
<h5>Historical Information</h5>
Patented by <a title="Brief history for Christian Becker" href="https://www2.humboldt.edu/scimus/Manufac/C_Becker/Becker.htm" target="_blank">Christian A. Becker</a> in 1916, and commercialized by L Oertling, Ltd, the chainomatic balance - or as we know it in its exhibit at Michigan Technological University, the chainomatic analytical scale - was crafted to serve the increasing demands of society and academia. For centuries earlier, the traditional two-pan balance was used for all sorts of measurements of weight. In particular some careful measurements were required for accurate measures in chemistry, engineering, and other academic fields, as well as in the measure of small but valuable items such as precious metal coins, gems, ivory, etc. The chainomatic balance was conceived as a relatively easily-implemented, accurate measure of weight and balance. It helped to ease the burden of scientists of the era that would need to balance a two-pan scale to extreme accuracy using tweezers. Meanwhile, the chainomatic scale could provide careful adjustments with the turning of a knob to alter the position and turn weight of a chain attached to the beam. The chainomatic balance was commonly used where precision as fine as within around 10 milligrams was required and could be afforded. <br /><br /> Given the nature of the chainomatic scale, it is the assumption of the authors that this particular model was used by the various scientific departments of Michigan Technological University for its nominal use of careful measurements of mass. However, such information is not present in the exhibit, and sources lack any explicit accounts of this model’s use or history. Being a mining school in its earliest days, Michigan Tech may have used chainomatic scales to measure out the ore and yield involved in copper refinement, or in researching techniques in more careful, deliberate mining.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Chainomatic Analytical Scale
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Stuart Gillette, Micaiah Grossmann, Sam Meluch, Nicholas Minarich, and Keeli Winquist
Subject
The topic of the resource
Apothecary;Jeweler: Chemist
Language
A language of the resource
English
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
physical object
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
MCMT-9614 | R20770
These inscriptions could be make and model numbers, or relate to the manufacturing of the scale such as a serial number or tracking identifier.
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
USA
Description
An account of the resource
<h5><strong>Physical Description</strong></h5>
The scale’s frame is a rectangular prism composed of a russet-colored wood, with some sun bleaching occurring to its front face. Three tarnished metal feet, one on each front corner and one placed in the middle of the rear side, hold the frame about 2 cm above the ground. There are four glass-paneled doors that allow access to the actual measurement apparatus. A 145 mm x 235 mmm door on the top side that can be removed fully from the frame, and has a handle on the left and right sides that can hold it securely in place. Two 162 mm x 150 mm hinged doors are set into the left and right side of the frame, with securing handles being placed on the side of the door the corresponds to the frame’s front side. The fourth door is the primary access way to the scale; it is a vertically sliding door, 289 mm x 230 mm, with a worn white knob of an unknown material at the base that can be used to lift it up. The door can be lifted completely out of its slots, but two strings prevent it from being detached from the frame completely. The rear side is made up almost entirely of a pane of glass. <br /><br /> Two letter and number combinations are printed on the frame: MCMT-9614 appears on the bottom left of the frame’s left side; R20770 on the bottom left of the frame’s right side. They may be the scale’s make and model numbers, or possibly relate to the production and manufacturing process of the scale.<br /><br /> The scale apparatus itself rests on a polished black layer, made of either ceramic or stone, that is positioned 40 mm above the bottom of the frame and extends past the four wooden sides. Two metallic gray weighing platforms hang about 20 mm above the ceramic base, suspended from hooks about 220 mm above the base. A metal hanger for suspending weight is welded between the <a title="Image of Original Wrappings for the Chain" href="https://www2.humboldt.edu/scimus/HSC.36-53/Images/CB_AB2_ChBox_contents.jpg" target="_blank">two small metal rods</a> that hold the platforms to their suspension hook, though the hanger for the left platform has broken off, and a metal peg has been secured to each of that platform’s rods to hold the hanger up. The stirrups for the the platform suspension hooks rest below a “100 mm” measurement poise that tops the scale apparatus; this measured displacement can then be used to determine the weight of the objects being measured, in grams. Descending from the measurement poise, the scale’s pointer ends at a small cream-colored piece of plastic, 6-sided—though similar in shape to a hypotenuse. The plastic piece has the words “Christian Beckering Inc., New York” printed across the bottom, while the scale’s measurement lines are printed almost microscopically along the top. The scale’s central pillar, support beams, and base are all formed out of brass. A solid brass cylinder also extends out from the base toward the front of the frame. An adjustable-angle magnifying glass that is used to make out the measurement lines can be slid on and secured to this cylinder if the scale is undergoing frequent use, though the lens has been removed from this particular scale’s magnifying glass. <br /><br /> Two apparatus control knobs are located on the wooden frame: one on the front side, directly below the front door’s lifting knob; and one on the right side, at the middle along the top. The front knob can be rotated clockwise and counterclockwise to adjust the sensitivity of the measurement platforms. The right knob can be rotated in either direction, and pushed in and pulled out, though not entirely. The particular purpose of this knob is unknown because its mechanisms in conjunction with the rest of the scale are broken, though it may have once served to adjust the balance of the scale. <br /><h5><strong>Functional Description</strong> </h5>
In order to use the scale, the user must adjust the knob on the front of the wood box that will move the stoppers under the metal plates. This will keep the scale from moving when adding the object/weights to each of the metal plates. The user then places the object to be weighed on one of the metal plates, and places weights of known value (not included in this particular artifact), on the other plate. Then the user turns the knob until the stoppers are no longer beneath the metal plates, and the plates are hanging freely. If the pointer hangs directly straight down, the load is balanced. If not, the process needs to be repeated by placing the stoppers beneath the plates again, then adding or removing weight in order to get the pointer to hang straight down. While the user is observing the pointer, it is important to close the glass door on the box to prevent airflow from impacting the results. The user will continue this until the pointer hangs straight down. Once the pointer is hanging straight down the user can sum the amount of weights added to the pan to find the weight of the object. The weight of the object is equal to the amount of added weight when the load is balanced.<br /><br /><a title="The Care and Use of a Balance" href="https://www2.humboldt.edu/scimus/Instruments/UseCareBal/UseCareBal.htm" target="_blank">The Care and Use of a Balance</a>
-
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/28382/archive/files/f2b306c168feb384d4e869cdc5dcab8e.jpg?Expires=1712793600&Signature=YyTFgueIg479mNxBzSBpwIBOWcc3L1urZDHBg1-2WNVDnoB8%7EkhDg0Z1ixNSOi4mKMQ8uFeHDrcX1EOfkKfziVpsvtqe5I0sKSn0srWHg5jZDAqJWvz-qdMRkxlMHo7%7Er1aa-xGy9nWJRa6DyDFRx7zNSwiiF0G-NJwAqoM8W7shBNv1jy8ngXddW8oL9BJ4hDBnp-gyy-hyfxaOGs%7EqY0O2ymuuabXeyD8lH6KOW7aq6lTi6APBuholtW-Ux7pwFgZex1KvITigxfNT0uA42Wcrs2KrqmesUwvS63ReFkgIHSDqoxdoNAeu1CNJQgxc0ft0ntYnMOW%7EutlBjMwPyQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
11c658ae151000d1aea655f2e8b82182
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/28382/archive/files/7d16e5759095f18e32f333c48f2124c8.jpg?Expires=1712793600&Signature=JRFsBIRqFyZ3IJTi58351kD9YvGq5CclE6zLPZm%7ExkciuvvuxF4mAS83AzgKprwzXKgDsVyR3sRjh%7EvXwh6eC-cwtmBGkN0N0j3CbSn6DRErFko19lZhb8ZToUyftSaOWbmHXo0TXWORFeCmjZTHcBvHfMEPKCc3y3Z3vNZTRWPvnL281YJzEU1NkstAKNvx64NMmb2tpni1BAOpCB1n4PkM%7EY8qOrfqlXRJOk1t8Az3mQPcxLNKYtIIhF1C%7E1Ff7Sc7G9yyV9HJ62Ru%7EzdER%7EtUtZAZ3ziov0mhPTsorTmTbBRe8SbNDbKr0QSxEYxkkr4z27I2bLLeDL-Fvjlztg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
fe79924c7d8e3042a61cae3d71059ad6
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/28382/archive/files/66490da265b02495b41ab667f7f118da.jpg?Expires=1712793600&Signature=wB2OmSY7-2TJZorxHziWtbj%7Efk3e%7ELiwkMIjL1XBY4Dxn8MNXJabWlJbduYvh2Q3vpZimKqBtblNMncNwEsJO38a-n8yCDSB%7EVm0NfjfpmJW0b7PQGaYNlYF0kpVJ%7ETY5nq2zC-F3hJK7xeJTXx-a4pgVAzhEMPNx4sCk04Mv8u8aYxtOoNi%7ExxRR8Us7M9daVCcj-pfMqAaUPUboSS9cwFL1nEqlxp2zEiEJk5VjAj3M2fW8RN3xDG51kL85A2qU5I2RoRpNGw-IQhKLcmXsiZ5zxPwxa2rOy5-zNxxIBN9dIdZ8WvNl-nBgLOnw3ldb5TsqSRGfz76IvFWNzwAMg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
1b6017983b88775a30f5d7fbf9ee4eb9
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/28382/archive/files/3a4d9ee47cad63841b697fb656a6688a.jpg?Expires=1712793600&Signature=rMeYGKgF6jWhVt9TEAiNcbFVXdgTvNp-7%7EFAUO1dVI0BGu2d92ayOWL6GqOSQ9qz1-uvPh4rm84zOqgvakT7rSaR-R3WYOlS53jxo4aEAV3sCpZ73-u3g9EMGQPgeLyw%7EmR1rXCD3aYo6JNXRX9vc-F-k-ab6VZ5Rz%7EYihHngNMdREQbZEKZEcvCwNSz-J-e-Od5BSQQTq%7E7RICdK3MyicJcHkeFE0HYpNhKrEl5b6Mslaed2wTle0Xog8B%7ERYYt4SPuliFAFDlMxahNPKJYXSg5moaYFi9szMGOee7PpgHLYqtLr968ehCSeWMy29d3ll1QEwp%7E-9TPFX-K3Wwp3g__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
51846be63a2dfa996cc4b03e7f7a74b4
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/28382/archive/files/b6f761370a2206ff4b7e77480e6b56a2.jpg?Expires=1712793600&Signature=p5rmgPcXbtgd7-sFY1FAaJvf1zLZ9L65bIVSf%7EkGRh8FZYky1XgS2y5zsLx9eLGSqRFJMFf4tZMq2e8fmFBL3CfrKTvYzAx0-MCprc4a8AvlgCbjUUaGef04tntO4nPVESgVqBhJsSJkiK8sOZkj6RJoIYTFc5G8p%7ECUZWqOzF8Kso3Osbd2HtqrBKT%7EnyA-GiCa5%7EJFbRJdvZDwavY3WG47lCXat4RftMHhFaADTcza4jl20s9kFFa1tgc5O9qgSEiC6n1nR43H9UkggGrsXS-jtOFa3TWT9fsL7QV8fiH4EnUcK3iiJxyePPA57zy%7EEgLYdPaSNIvilgrCxMaG6A__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
ec3d32ce4c6133ae6ebf702f6d80d463
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/28382/archive/files/b7e116b6bf50c56f0820d1ff64d1b282.jpg?Expires=1712793600&Signature=D5Z02FWl1fGupgo6IUGplr34kZ0bGrMsL6J54VxfsJTv52p7v-bYUda15Qg9pAbvFqAmhrt9GPSHTmfoiadkM3pYNcW7C3LowoV-Arqq2sqbA6rDVFd7wGE0nQEasSQN%7E37E9dA7lbhg%7EcbA7RZGhTC7sn3iY3zCdQ-PaAKhc3nz8A9pbIGrjBtePtFOOwcMkQ8aplc51kmUWPYO73amBLJsvOWCeLC5qpWaRzIFmPO%7EL%7E-FszFdsc31WfRSMMDiKoHmI9QAmt5j5THu7Rjb09PCFvWnbQV2%7EDs2nIPmkQhi8du7pEmJdjer5tS4xk4wvaJTWR%7E9OMdHShzSV7paxA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
ee0cc8d7dead3d2f25ccd1d43daeb161
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/28382/archive/files/84b9f84eedc30c4137ec4c3453121d94.pdf?Expires=1712793600&Signature=WPc-CMdJbqhZd1oCsEsyw82yQz5ujiEbuPoTtL1g5ratDSCNRgcXy0ALaKxybhVG-AUvn%7EQ2sQ-aw352UvAb%7EtZUekoLufYhx0cE9ztaJxxOPCQZicBULpAzzls9xRB4kEgVWY20coD7yIIRMjv0UzKvahj7k6LFxsHNeW3NddK7iEtTjAXb1xo8McppsbKjdPHRqnPh36cXyJN3ozrYrrzuOLKEjHXb5JFnHBeXh29h-8Hnxk5xAbEvxtOcVrC-tkELhxYlrxeNvRxYi9-lEr5obCSdYsBRzmekMX9Z-V7prBvV9cs5MmuSNOuCZX3V-xDcLvsYMXcRFjfpP%7EiZLg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
6af980c346629aeb19f2dc9943e01299
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
MEEM
Description
An account of the resource
Historic scientific instruments held by the Department of Mechanical Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA.
Physical Object
Use this field for any solid object.
History of the Object
The JAN-CRC-861 Radiotron was built in the United States by the RCA company for the use of the US Navy around the 1940s. The 861 series was widely used within the TBM and TBK series of transmitters within th Power Output stage. RCA was founded in 1919 by General Electric and manufactured high powered radio technology. RCA now produces products like 4K televisions, tablets, smartphones, and other home appliances. It is unclear when and why Michigan Tech acquired this device.
Vacuum tubes were first invented in 1904 by British scientist John Ambrose Fleming while investigating the "Edison effect", now know as thermionic emission and helping design Marconi's trans-Atlantic transmitter (Fleming is the attriuted creator of the "right-hand rule" for relating the direction of magnetic field, conductor motion, and induced electromagnetic force). Fleming was primarily interested in producing a "rectifier" that was an improvement on current "cat-and-whisker" techniques - which were especially vulnerable to vibrations (a problem for naval use).
The tube Fleming produced was a "diode", having only the cathode and the anode. The introduction of the middling mesh was a product of Lee De Forest in 1907, creating the "triode" ("tetrode" and higher versions also exist). De Fores was, like Fleming, interested in producing a better dector (rectifier) for radiotelephonic uses however analysis of contemporary writings indicate he didn't quite understand how his invention worked, especially in it's possible uses as an amplifier/oscillator - even cautioning against having "too much of a vacuum".
Nonetheless, the invention of the triode tube made transcontinental telephony possible for the first time. Vacuum tubes quickly branched out of radiotelephony as uses were found in power grids, tv, and even computers. However with the discovery of semiconductors in the 1940s and transistors in 1960s, Vacuum tubes were gradually phased out in efforts to reduce size, speed and cost and improve reliability. Cathode-ray tubes continued to be used in tvs until recently and vacuum tubes are still used in a variety of locations - Magnetron in microwaves and some high-frequency amplifiers.
Location
The location of the interview
MEEM building Room 607
Physical Dimensions
The actual physical size of the original image
Height: 41 cm
Width: 25 cm
Bulb Diameter: 18.34 cm
Length: 24.34 cm
Materials
Glass, conducting metal and wires, plastic
Maker
RCA Corporation
Inscriptions
Metal Base of Radiotron: JAN CRC-861 / VT-19 / Made in U.S.A. VI / RCA / H1201
Wooden Base: "High power radioton, circa 1940 (power output stage for a transmitter) Manufactured by RCA for U.S. Navy."
Typewritten Note: "Max plate dissipation 400 watts fil 11 volts at 10 amp. Max plate voltage 3500. Max screen voltage 750. Max screen dissipation 35 watts. Class C amp. Plate voltage 3500, Screen voltage 500, Grid voltage 250, Plate current 300 Ma. Screen current 40 Ma. Grid current 40 Ma. Driving Power 30 Watts. Output 700 watts."
Bibliography
<ul><li>"<a href="https://www.antiqueradios.com/forums/viewtopic.php?t=35985">Odd Huge Vacuum Tube CRC 861,</a>" <em>Antique Radios</em> [discussion formum], July 2004. Web. 3 Mar. 2017.</li>
<li>John Ambrose Fleming<span><span>, "<a href="https://www.google.com/patents/US803684">Instrument for Converting Alternating Electric Currents into Continuous Currents</a>", U.S. patent no. 803,684, Nov. 7, 1905.</span></span></li>
<li><span><span>Lee DeForest, "<a href="https://www.google.com/patents/US879532">Space Telegraphy</a>", U.S. patent no. 879,532, Feb. 18, 1908.</span></span></li>
<li><em>Dictionary of Scientific Biography,</em> vol. 4 and 5.</li>
</ul>
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Radiotron
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Emily Oppliger, Grayson Hooper, Anthony Miller, Colton Kettlehut, Cam Dulong
Description
An account of the resource
<em>Physical Description</em>: The Radiotron is a tall glass tube that stands 41cm high. The total width of the Radiotron is 25cm. The main glass sphere has a diameter of 18.34 cm. Attached to one side of this sphere is a tubular piece that has an outside diameter of 3.175 cm and an inside diameter of 2.5cm. The tubular piece is extruded 6 cm out from the sphere. The main body has two steel pegs that are used as electrical contact points. At the bottom of the structure there is a steel collar where wires are fed into the Radiotron. The Radiotron has many important internal parts; comprised of steel, steel mesh, and aluminum as seen in the figure which shows a detailed drawing of the Radiotron. <br /><br /><em>Functional Description</em>: The Radiotron is a triode vacuum-tube, working through a process known as thermionic emission, in which a cathode tube is heated so that it throws off electrons in the surrounding space. Surrounding the cathode is a metal plate which, if positively charged, will attract the ejected electrons, establishing a current. The radiotron is a triode vacuum tube, in which a small metal metsh is placed between the cathode and the anode plate. This mesh, if connected to a negative voltage, can reduce or shut off the stream of electrons from the cathode to the anode. This setup allows for small changes in voltage through the mesh to correspond to large voltage changes in the anode acting as an electric amplifier. The Radiotron is then attached as part of a larger circuit, in the case of our object, likely as a power amplifier aboard a navy ship.
Relation
A related resource
Related to vacuum tubes
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
Physical Object
Language
A language of the resource
English
-
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/28382/archive/files/faae9c8d06d6f74e4e411e5ded48661b.JPG?Expires=1712793600&Signature=NTmMXrKnmtcfRQAfKbCgyiUmNsYYUCy5UBGM8iV-EvwhpoaFO42CRLTgUDElV%7E173aAlx6sLGPTWDn%7Ep28kpjvA4f%7Egbc-Dt0uNnSq9lgxkA6nIvInf%7E3J09vC910PWA8wnZcv9-9wwE6vpv%7EJJGaMj2Y6TcajKYjPS8pA0Pb4DiC5r8oljwCCF6chv5rNwDXuuv3Z7fU6%7EmKWcJqM52xv81vVP2yodMz9cbkWZW0c4V-LZWxeT8WeH8K0eMolvMtPFDf2S1-MBZ0ZASdypmQZC3gVUXDGwmW7SpBSyAAu1ryyp35EZvpYULWND3Pht2ud-pPwUB57u2bZOsE-LLLQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
6ba6e92287bdc1fb78575b08a24cfb91
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/28382/archive/files/2ebfa391f6ae7ab45d2912a73f7f3434.JPG?Expires=1712793600&Signature=IpTU1B%7EskuriRoAHXquN8TvqKBpcL-Eb7BdgiK3ED6lU8wcWwKZdS7USl6ZTlg1lp2THdypeLPJlxLtS4670Lv-GPaqELn5Rw4fpoAVvfNH3WkdJaZBKtRvdnIoU1bSIbpTwA-KiP42Cq6jMOZsVj0ComdegPPpakHSTadQc1qnRkFiZ6qYPJutuWtQdBzwzhPwlftYaDj%7Edy7--N1P4Y76lcJJ6cGVwr1WnbbUuNfu27JJ6eTH8eJFZDchfoO3miJ-AcH3xDGmIZQSUDwXK5O%7EL14yapLoCg6RzOAaxEKx38fdH2-x5BrKHbXGiFkUGF3mhj6HPq8npABmAGh9lnQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
fc1bc8af4b1971dc0912d0442f4ceb1e
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/28382/archive/files/26be9f4f6ae0006d615199f91603f4cb.JPG?Expires=1712793600&Signature=dVLsnrgAVExiYC4jHI38wdzOmrianUHF9gn0T%7ERQbvi6usWOZf40L7vmpBo8Ms-OX7tlcKGAZUApzdH7pLi834gEJ67fhqmiQu7ZZQy7XmcpyZS8gycZOxk1EifSKbsRCynzJ4sKxGIN9BfHG9QDSccTA1pADONhFnJf25OlJXe%7Ev2lUjJ%7E8m8-bQy0nkyHyeKf8SRjKHjTHVukVBjwkfoHMPBUCqvr3LrH46tb3RJrJCiXp7ObICy88lTAIh4QwZylhJjfbbUa6Jq1DN9rMM2yaKeyGPibtZZw8cpuX7k2vmg74u6DQfHQ%7ENDHxXD0K61Ar7ARqWAHVxDCuYESNqw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
c7c86dcc19d57a09dde4288bd2f26440
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/28382/archive/files/bc71a0e7040f619c784f504bd3710658.JPG?Expires=1712793600&Signature=rNw08wBwI0kcIrMrhJDb6A1Rze3Vp-uMACWEQqn72UYDgbyX1PxZ6PFklITeX1zfge168UDhr3Nc1%7EuZfHdqvmJgkmlGoeM4QLLTyCmN3Vl27mx5hhaLxYZZIRb0lkBeQDFrNiHIELSNnRnuq2FdBk4jYU-BOqFVWpBb7lxzWAVnKc2FNiJrCcz-Oy8AdPbuUqZbDMKBOJp1XvYr80sqVDflef8LwAc%7EeEMO2nMzF6EsWCJz00idcwhUXOow348U75J6NggLYB%7EHNWils7JH3kitJEb6683owuMO3jmfHCp6AY6VDUCybGZEdfnlZk6BghAFH0DAvHtmg5EltuSetw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
7e357ac7d155330b199c2a9fbf124068
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/28382/archive/files/2651ffcca874ceaa7ac773c9ed2c6d30.JPG?Expires=1712793600&Signature=iEUZ6BsDG4V5769ScJK5uZbaQJJz-cOHGPzOSJkdU8CyX-P3%7EAaao4YXaLfAArYzhZSQ4lRh%7ED9AU9oU9FEgGRq74Vh9mC2uvTHluBHXSP0ox38eVj7UnGX0-0Mf4nq8lFO9-6fQG%7E%7EaHaenq0vDildEJH9JTWaU5HVti9njBNmtIPyn5gJseS3R9dqHo1KIea%7Eu9s3ALsmx3Q0pS1hqeB2ngn5jmF8omGF4SeGdbYGJ3-8XE1q8rufIk7AQIrnO31AgnaCrGP-Y9aVDB0b-mAttGGrv58NIQS9JWKoMaIdOH0bYhiImsciRSSJC8tlbiZTQ9xp5h2O2vW%7EvHVtGxw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
6bc85c78f0b70c10a69f5255074973aa
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/28382/archive/files/03b732d5968459dbb4f61dc8dcc47b80.JPG?Expires=1712793600&Signature=kzfMr5F7qQHg1OhtsQWrtcuPCGIG5i8QBaZXRaTPby7WQS69PLqjpJdY6vArWFIl4SQM4qRKE18vbS4Nyu1pr--QzdviqwxZQl6oYn6%7E7EkwEdi0TxlYokq8TP5bVllwJxMvYbFeuK8Op%7ElRBQH4rbUOGFclA6jsCGqwH%7EDy%7Ecf51EjCjjkPzinwqihElDj%7ERRU4tc3senRsZf6G1DY0ofe06RStvKP3QV%7EdmsyXhtvD-kKkv4JE-rK4bai7bKxBmGS%7EPPmOiOjsDRoo4QnfBtrSWZT2H0Q7w6QQ4k07Z8HwnezZ4-xqI6eztjJOjCGScAYjVLQ7%7EoLs3eyQDB1KTg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
468f362c8ce194b9a64dc50a23b4b587
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/28382/archive/files/2c2e50c2cb5c395db22a72d632ca21a6.JPG?Expires=1712793600&Signature=vd0rpI2WVzPoeGeFQ11yqOtaZsRQZU1N6-lAWvE7r7Ch0ccj2iB95K84uGZ01g4zPxkzuzqwcRrwKOQXEts4iqSQzKPzivtHo4sggw0ZOaRLT0vtdaGkolBKpgACK%7EZUREfufX-lxuBDdMHZiK7qY-BT-FhNKoRp-4MT7Tz70PVe9mcIfYt5FhKHa7Ys5ayQCMhyui8X4PkH5DRohfO2Tqrj0fkyEEQG0aKnRX%7EykXRo9NIYL5NdZJCEUqSGq3TotoHuxFlzplVRy6kaqpE8cmJgmOYEFH44Dkpyv-jsXaadc0NU1jCvaJtCCV-jRESCso922sHXve2SzPhe6%7EmOFw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
68818e61686f2fb6f95d1f77fb37da69
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/28382/archive/files/ea0d58cbbf88e12f2b839e2285f03aa6.JPG?Expires=1712793600&Signature=kzOO1risxvJ2YEOpugLg3MN0whVeJHhfmpCz1vC%7E2mEeZfwx7dJrVn9xZd1SQ4ddWwqq0rvQ-2xv7%7E-WORcfi6XJnRN2m1h3YQv7i52UDlok3bGJZhUV07fyvNin6S50FrMO8Y7q8werWOYQdNqc4494UffjX0b%7EU76o3qcIs2jUQ1ghvEu4kEC7jM6yAyFrJXNOU0nf1AMwIATLfkL5V-09ngRGI3BJHztARgXUk3wwMSzCxKwy%7EZwPe4NKcuDPPNHywooQ43Wh-jUwokn%7EHDnB4yXS90AFxlRKQHwncJF0ABMAo8ZOkGP6N02Tig9K%7EpAVSM1aW6hSPUEuqd-aaQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
be9219c7b27b659f3c62c206ed800865
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/28382/archive/files/052552854db42604496a0109555cd037.JPG?Expires=1712793600&Signature=Rdo5xKVelzo1%7ER63sitYMr2q673nkqKidN9jBlCkqonvo4n3CMPBeGkZx2IPOdme79JYbb1Bq1Z47ED0q5IHWW5w-lcn9I-UZyDfRz5rzcfyVR1dBRGLkJaZcQrVYrBO2ougMajB5lb8OlplM-HtrqbY5I-jeLMXfd8uCWzgxw3qFxUCG9UrIxgqNku%7EroicybaGaXXagGcxedCBsGSgKO0bgLEHNfeff2CTRSc7icT6ElJI9daRm1scCWJB-FEj7oWJ8M6cNQ%7EEKAefb4g9F0CjWToAM38M1l38hY95EJJWBS%7EmHRly4vN%7EXAuOWKpczjFjYfLeMivF474wyF-12Q__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
e3fe499ac7d348468f0eb19c69309f62
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/28382/archive/files/b6afef3abb42bd1cf0b31e3453832e09.JPG?Expires=1712793600&Signature=R1h8TK-yncq8aEFmY3fkZdfNCBkmwhxGBgZtHPOuGsi1m%7ED%7Ef7tBU0dQGUL319Hrhupm%7EtNVSuhPmMvn0-aRWTPkYb4%7EvC4-ytx4tvvC4aue4u7hg%7EMB9X-dK4aeW7pRCBOee-4%7Ed-1yQjxK7h8LqGlRxSHoS1%7EKO9Ivdjj6Y4JGL-9r%7Em4QRlZ%7EmLOiZ7-X0rWPLguiLG6exDPdCGIYAmEN1MzLDoQUJsQHfu83%7EhoLZJfTUDI%7ENEIzWpNGlI110u07ANr1kbuR%7ENZ4Ccg5I0EG4iF00xZvNQUn-ZEVlltjdEfC73w9%7EDfwFL33EkJaqly1lInFHHVlsPGT7yIk8A__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
12b361e323a89b64d37d71ae4968d8e6
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/28382/archive/files/c3b7aa9c4627dafed61a4fbfb0b5585c.JPG?Expires=1712793600&Signature=l-ngEZC7dmmH3omwaY67s86pLmeoilWEwN1FAwxun2htU1lhfgs5MNvcRloTTKtnfv8bDeFzbGrNzvaQgY0NcjFA7iEmbwze1WrDzrey21XnqljeRvH3svl7-7GZwKk024DEIYYpzB-jmYrG1UciI5jA3DxhASFSZPC8uncr9uw95Y0IS3JF39YMOPLNBt40CNDUAyoX6js2DeWVMGSLvJUW%7EJ4yn42GbEwleyUyvSpdQ7Fqq4IoDlNOmU3Wq1UqkhIB5Ln5aHLLs8MH8VDEFj01Ux7iIBQWQ1QtxXNWro5BAvQfw7UHNsAyNTDMGN0VhNbM1enILwX9CqZTIjsrHQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
1458ede40e04906305ceacb64684e2b3
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/28382/archive/files/3e0a9d7584b99cc0d9395162f2efe3c8.JPG?Expires=1712793600&Signature=SncI2ltIytsnFC6fbQaTMYOLGPLweBaG3i97g6O1hSz6-IZ-LNLnxsbTjx2yM6-mTrVRng6V0lTOZv1YIsmr3KRcGuzDYQzd7SVKujpJRiV9y5uG4SsYFKRvftOr3TYkXXzHRZkE8v7JWuM29KBH6fIM60gc8uTXPFxm2ajnp%7ExfB7KYChPSLRSQOkSSk6lR1mTk3JRQJe8xTPcX-I3BwNw1G-o13wrLRjP%7EG8aMfk3ATkTDFm5Dcd1TeuXMZtjd19uXzUg1IunOiZRRvRkU-KYLv3u8lrbWCCF4Hof-wPF2R%7EemqMwtgd7ouddSJmxhdzIU68CsnFHBFoDkEQ5F6w__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
a591d7b11417c2ff5818d0b4f87a651e
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/28382/archive/files/56150481a621b7c6a8eafa7014b569a3.JPG?Expires=1712793600&Signature=s220dFrTDk0xwdfcDZ2dORBpEWFr%7Elmc%7EzrWvAWHQL1J0ljtOugeJi-XjSIiCSNLqdgFPgqdPLWq6RbJyNKajOOzPi51Y3z8ZNUs5Y3MHSkQtQqyeBIyiVkd0VWSJiZcMpZAyQT5L9yK6JQOWgeIhjr5rTs3J4YUnlGmyOBfklVo4jp4EB89h7pE5ACIxQScE9qBknnFwnNHx9eYnTAUG-GfQT7qmSm7XcaQRW9IKv%7ENBdY38SDxp%7EygOWhpab5jmD49nd%7E96hVEKvJkm4Sq4aTzohXRYqkgVRvAISNBvrHW3bkKQF08UNQagSWIW4gWDhGSpoeO4EgMsFLDZs9gWw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
66cf6cc00452018dac6e0d2590d813c2
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
School of Technology
Description
An account of the resource
Historic scientific instruments held by the Surveying Department of the Michigan Technological University School of Technology, Houghton, MI, USA.
Physical Object
Use this field for any solid object.
Physical Dimensions
The actual physical size of the original image
<p><strong>Base:</strong> 1cm high x 34 cm long x 21.5 cm across <br /><strong>Instrument:</strong> 48 cm high (Top of base to top of eyepiece) x 32 cm long (tip of lense to tip of eyepiece) x 21 cm across <br /><strong>Lenses: </strong>Large central lense diameter of 7 ½ cm, Smaller side lense diameter of 4 ½ cm <br /><strong>Crate:</strong> 54 cm high x 38 cm wide x 27 cm back</p>
Materials
<strong>Instrument:</strong> Plastic, various alloys including brass, glass, water.<br /><br /><strong>Case: </strong>Wood, various alloys including brass
Maker
David White Co., Milwaukee, WI
Inscriptions
<em><em>Engraving on side of Astrolabe:</em> <br />PENDULUM ASTROLABE | David White Co. | Milwaukee. Wis., U.S.A. | No 67476 | M-5107 1952 | U.S. <em>Tech I.D. Number</em> <br /><br />Property of | 38268 Michigan | Technological | University<br /><br />Paper taped to front of Astrolabe above level below main aperture:</em><br />THE OPTICS IN THIS ASTROLABE | ARE COATED TO INCREASE EFFICIENCY. | CAREFUL CLEANING WILL NOT INJURE | THE LENSE SURFACES.
History of the Object
The David White Company of Milwaukee Wisconsin were the manufacturers of transits, sextants, current meters, theodolites, levels, compasses, and other engineering equipment, according to the operator's manual of the Willis Pendulum Astrolabe, which was published in 1946 and accompanies a model of the astrolabe purchased by Michigan Tech. The Astrolabe is named after John E. Willis, who invented the device in 1942 while working with the U.S. Naval Observatory. The David White Company had the honor of creating the first prototype models beginning in 1943, completing the testing phase in 1946, according to the booklet that accompanies the Astrolabe at Tech. We know that the type of instrument continued to be developed into the 1960s at least (e.g., the Perkin-Elmer Corporation of Norwalk, CT developed a more portable battery powered model in 1965),
The box that Tech’s astrolabe is stored in is marked with a piece of tape bearing the hand-written label, OLD PRISON SITE | JACKSON MICH, suggesting that Associate Professor H.B. Anderson of the Mathematics Department found and purchased the device second-hand in 1967 when he wrote to the company for more information. Unfortunately, a copy of this letter is not with the device, although the response letter from Edwin A Setzke, Manager of Realist Inc. Customer Services Division and a booklet titled “Supplementary Information for use with the Willis Pendulum Astrolabe” which was sent enclosed with the letter can now both be found with the Astrolabe, along with the owner’s manual which accompanied the device throughout its various ownerships.
A Michigan Tech equipment number is found on the device, and tables and charts accompanying the book are filled in, suggesting that Anderson used the astrolabe in instruction.
The David White Company would continue to make the Astrolabe until 1952, according to the letter from Edwin Setzke. An inscription on the base of the Astrolabe at Tech says that the model was produced in 1952, making it one of the last astrolabes made by the company. The David White Company became Realist Inc sometime between 1952 and 1967. Realist Inc., based out of Menomonee Falls, and continued to make surveying equipment, as well as rifle scopes, projectors, and cameras well into the late eighties. The last word located on Realist Inc. was a brief New York Times article from 1989 stating that the company purchased majority stock of a Swiss company called Ammann Laser Technik AG.
Location
The location of the interview
MEEM, 2nd Floor, SE corner storeroom
Bibliography
<span><span>Department of the Army. "Secton VII. </span></span>Observations With the 60 Degree Pendulum Astrolabe." <em>Topographic Surveying</em>. Washington DC: Department of the Army, 1953. 112.<br /><br /><div class="csl-bib-body">
<div class="csl-entry">"Surveys and Maps • Current Surveying and Mapping News, including Geodetic and Oceanographic Activities, and Methods and Equipment." <i>The Military Engineer</i>, <i>57, no. </i>378 (1965): 269–272. <a href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/44562016">http://www.jstor.org/stable/44562016</a>. <br /><br /><p style="font-weight:400;">Nathaniel Bowditch, <em>American practical navigator: an epitome of navigation</em> (Washington, DC: U.S. Navy Hydrographic Office, 1962), 838.</p>
</div>
</div>
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Pendulum Astrolabe
Subject
The topic of the resource
Astronomical measurements: Astronomy
Description
An account of the resource
<strong>Physical Description:</strong> The instrument is situated on a gray base that is 34 cm long x 21.5 cm across x 1cm high. The object is able to rotate on this base to make the viewing of objects easier. The instrument consists of two eyepieces and two lenses, one set being larger than the other. The lens and eyepieces form a near right angle. When viewed from the side, the device looks like two black check marks, one large and one small. The device is 48cm high (top of base to the top of the eyepiece), 32 cm long (tip of lense to the tip of eyepiece), and 21 cm across. The lens are 7.5 cm across and 4.5 cm across each. There are some inscriptions near the base that denote the name of the device, maker of the devices, city and state, and some serial numbers. At first glance, the object looks like a microscope, however rather than looking into a slide or something similar, the thing the observer is viewing is being reflected from the other end of the lens into the eyepiece using a mirror suspended inside the instrument. <br /><br /><strong>Functional Description: </strong>First, place your eye near the eyepiece and look into it. After looking into the eyepiece, align the reticle in the eyepiece with the astronomical body that you are measuring. When the reticle and the body are aligned, this means that the body is at an altitude of 60 degrees. The light that enters the lens is then reflected into the eyepiece using a mirror that is suspended inside the instrument.<br /><br />The name "pendulum astrolabe" may seem strange at first becasue the device neither looks like a typical astrolabe nor does it appear to have a pendulum located on or in the device. However, an astrolabe is simply a device used to measure the altitudes of astronomical bodies. Also, the mirror located inside the device is suspended in a pendulum-like fashion.<br /><br />The actual measurement of 60 degrees seems unimportant other than that it is known that the angle is in fact 60 degrees. This can used to determiniation the declination of an astornomical body. If one measures every time that body crosses the 60 degree mark, then they could make a more educated statment about the motion of that body (period of its revolutions, etc.).
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Johnathan Jaehnig, Joachim Wright, Ben Denys, and Paul Bahle
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1952
Language
A language of the resource
English
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
M-5107
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Physical Object
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
United States
-
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/28382/archive/files/750e61a56e542e4a466ba85fe888b96e.jpg?Expires=1712793600&Signature=rfwxWBK-xng4ECOGUQG%7EeivuRLU6TVKEarxRp0Fjkd5%7EAOT1ToFqATkcuOe%7ETSFLHRxAWJd97-eFJmAbBaEh3sPfgF-ROBGbklh9Rkfjn%7EzMFJw7Rf9War1Dv6VcpCZg9RQaIXj0wqNokOx%7EPjWWWVVAL91QlMglO%7EKXCO5wfLpDJoVjoSIpyxV%7EtutOJ5cTbzLeXOi-%7ESyw5kiaJTutSe8fg2DsW9Bn6LiqBLpxx%7E8a4LzcZsrN0VnozXUHDGTEtrR0XcItncLMINYtzQdxiBLb2MZEumR5urNvhdhKZbNG%7E1Dr%7ESAHTucQNhqYrdFkB%7E%7Ean4D9GODgWa7bnN1w6g__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
2bc8043a097ec6f0afc6f81dc1f0c3a8
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/28382/archive/files/36b322e60cacb5abb0e024487e313fc0.jpg?Expires=1712793600&Signature=IFgTZW9ts-oRw9m6dASNG9pqMPOMDT3ig34VMqzqChOnUM2vKz0YJsYnMwnJPQWnZODH9WKTDtWz-G6tJBApi6%7Enrl1aZrOfFzcZERYkn2wxatc2zO99qxFjMLc%7EWjkVWUXY%7EQHwf3WkawrLG-SJda4FL%7ExkVNDux0%7Et3ulw39eRu2SAnBRnGZVlvSymjV7OZIEcSZn4AfTSixlt-sfecUxWZfXAbKDpstigjJTz7mwBshwPkVxGvfUjAlTcSxJkRfxtDr0aWIIfxMckOoBqf2VWz9soKcFC0BpXl02HQgVid8qHnW80-aMNxRTa-rmCiMJFgRL7h9cCWdR0-ZPDiw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
1bc4b3dc224c876e00b324e85d89fd50
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/28382/archive/files/bed8987a4883de67bbe86e8fcde9c0d6.JPG?Expires=1712793600&Signature=sUpbdwEqexZujiBe4VGdlfzhaHle%7ESggC5rU33H6aAb9Sc4ICgA%7EOMomvKx8GvhW0188t8nV1cPKox%7EEBYnATN5I9JfiR7gfbqRp6xbuX1p6TYV3C%7Eq4TKjJ4Z5rxMMhIfeGpvvEKFGGlUFEgf0Li3we96vjuCyCn3-F-yZfghcq5m9Qk1G6K1zNyJ52LbB72UCVVDJC0g7qvc4fW4GsGEAeYnJ6XVh3sphBHpdaD2dV3zYP8n1t3zmi0cXJT7cd8xVHCRtf8L8svTEynCC9ljCEuyf2EMb1g6AMDQAjepY7Ej5Dy5LcnskNYeYt-YQ%7ESLpEBpDQNBncfZ39gHaxJg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
d368a9bdce1c20a76699be654eea55b4
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/28382/archive/files/a732c20ea87bb16656808798b6fad671.JPG?Expires=1712793600&Signature=oIr6eveG3h6xv8BooZm13Xp3frcaf2MyRi2ro8Yat31KuhL3brmnOnjRGGxmytWmSZ9cZnpHAhz0dh10c8565eMimCJurePWCtNyevbk%7EnUERv8yyeO3fYN8G822%7EzdQO-f8yTMcPAVzib%7EaVhwyZFLpZHWpTt6Ayo-xeCMwB8Sgz8u%7EaWbLPs9JMa0LFkRoaniy0l9GmmMwiVwAjNlY7EXw3xwZNXbS4yumUnVUG5up8QW75QdW5g9k4s8mFuhFSptZWvDmpNoaujiQJfb15L96JVyjnIdgGPZhoGzSdkzFF6HIhzp%7Ez6xQaa3S1kDbvy5TlG534UG8cTGgfVmg%7EA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
16c99610fbdfe4a25189476f725e7444
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/28382/archive/files/1d83347848e7e3c940911fd175804f69.jpg?Expires=1712793600&Signature=fZ84kcN69FgKMkAapEfj4blc-o8PHWolbouVcTXWXLl3vBC9KswGohCbOQFlFStl1%7EiJn8wSUcqiPu1CTpJH4sFFCjlO0oh4x1yGthTF7vNkTGiYT60Qv6UklW3%7EzmaB-gXABPjsxSCJmdSoLqSb-5NC%7EKwZ0gvfoSlWE4WABtkGi9Zri9HVRU1yNe%7Ea7mCz8Q235WM8VTfgkL7HlOj-MrrIYC4ViLd-9ZZ%7Egay82LMfGTftwMdR2AjpTAEWWFygAohACZUd%7E99YpSAoVPX7WXUWABVZ0mrXSYAu9em5T5NNfF64xXzorlFzyAt0HJOLSWVsOztAK5v3hmoyrYnqNQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
a867f09dae175c6a71ba505b2e7554a2
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/28382/archive/files/383a7114c691dfb5e6ff08f0d09597e8.JPG?Expires=1712793600&Signature=iGzhct3gO2QO8DwudRhavnn4n-XgRevUwDvEakl5DOpXGrOZXgCEKc4XqlO6L%7EfttW3LcWO6nBzufBIz0LvpImoHuziC0%7E3hbrpWzepMUrlIuCqSfZY%7EQdTnRtCrO-3Xn0xSXamxjaRvBjO8UaEsnFoE%7EAyhClhEu%7Ea-lex%7E57dfsG540WPjRXIJ6XaWwgFYB%7EtcL9Vv49bMmaeggGMRlLX5VlQwFSEM32Sx5J8SZXefqiIf9jdei3uAbtXCJZkbf65EuIJFmLrWGG1SgTd6HyPAuq8GBKj4xDlzHnU-vFNIUG6al-w2empPO3bR2RKF0BqxoPfwE9K2QNibBCP31g__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
d334284f0c49a2ccce040ec72312b4fc
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/28382/archive/files/abf82f2e53e2ac48fa8587dfd4147920.JPG?Expires=1712793600&Signature=TZPYIvCGlcMe392X0PqgUXNC764R125-nzdtFpDbARVjhJbLy-G-dOiIVe9NDmvNqtHBOFky2miHEvYzC0bmw1fJQeWxg-PFystuNp3OVbvZMTNxeKcyeN%7EzOmUKMeSHlasQSDaS4o2dgUYFSuEr4oJ-h42tNOAwZsg7YHTFRZAynyVbdzE-yrC-5kvVwD2REEX9SjoI9NYpBHi%7EmVR0ZOsXOL3Gd5KVPH81LHy43hw2J86%7EymsPn1rv4N%7EnKM6pCOYT4fG1xqXzs%7E95ni3I7dPZ-h0sF7debJEFgxouLBfbT8g5yrQbXCXcw-gNtUJe9DVVvwY5cnPDBsPvBNBXPQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
865d1e1bde8bc23a2d92e94c5d53b4d9
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/28382/archive/files/f0d2e173ebb1bf859ed49d6b3d228fb3.JPG?Expires=1712793600&Signature=NTWZ6H7j7%7EOmY2lBXS0SNyApag3VlLc3lv-p4wM-W6yYKxQCDMlHtci7OkZUz93U-2EPrK6GM3OTrug1BmFZ0yf4qMhHCvDKt8JoBBMhZY2LGRP8LLbxqvBfex3-kBkFDc9ZIv-uk4bTohnWdOObjJfRQJ8qRvLGOR5rr77U%7E5M3jcrubR5lBxdtkljyyOffYST2qOHXowLOdXXCIppuqQkrwPXpY2H-DjjUTehvxUNapRRT%7EdRPOaFzZ3mp%7ELtsvO4HEhlmwHwMrYA0rgiwOL7N3UDW6ShR8PppT21Xyfc-gP5iz23m71MyYRMYc93QAiSG8U8husf0EgYBpxoMeQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
a8fd378f7c9f975e8ee53de53be04de6
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/28382/archive/files/be50177bef08990694e5b84f7d95c8cc.JPG?Expires=1712793600&Signature=M4gjSWahI6Jvg-VgJo%7Eb3gFeCw0T8G9pB-Z0GztliORmwgAKOYadHJgdePRO7fgqa8GO1tWPd1TtNT6PO-UawnDzPDdnTvv4B9tLjrZ-VzLe9PQbi4eKptaDipU5PKF2Mgu4bUlwR6UTFEBXkYyTxIPe7gF%7EQWLKfzVSFLwplgSrzL9BaQZ30aHBMEk0xkH6uq%7E2muEwSkCO6r9sXnrbdaKTddzbNl0rWJGyM7O%7Es7DI3z5cZPPP5OwYYFWSEVJ0uJ-Nwc7Jlln5STiA5ScCVRmRo6B5pNZOKdyeXutuif4YpQXOidmYhUJZfoMG0DOCGzRCQeSiiAAPM%7EreOy-veg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
760100c75d381ed95719a171493c158c
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/28382/archive/files/bde81d67ce2ed0f59c19938657a5f4ec.JPG?Expires=1712793600&Signature=b7xGdJbR%7EU-yvYcsrKqvurlllY6O674ubQAeCRqP8KzQRda21uwp40AQLnG5cm9gukQSU22PLHnxwtyPBTbY0ZM00CfrGZQMaFT3ZnRFuxFZIZ2LbE1QdMbe4oSB5JxU44a1cuqbSKcEe2UdR%7EEQteaKe8aZNK1T1h8dd5KzM%7EI3Y9e0GI3qw70zd4G40jfE5ANUDd2jTlcUmaR1F-Je0iSd7o9vsXDbXbW1UjI4KAKq5mp-ZYBmgw8KEVgXbVC-PcR7qVv4E0Ys3UC6ACIszAZn0jA0IwlKcRIuRxrVgzIV2vLsPWvCx2hXlrdwYmEnlg4GAsexN4Zm-S0cjm6z8Q__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
150c0800645564402d1518f676ead76e
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/28382/archive/files/1e94fe686afa2ab50df42b8b50f67c12.JPG?Expires=1712793600&Signature=ruz6IEkSon4jAYJlWhBMTaE5cG8F3ykSaW-bL7auW5KKd1kAoBOjuSppM1Kzhrlipkx2S7g7cLp71JFtO1BjXZHjojfxLI47WO-oJojogW-fkPfB2wN6Jv71G1F4QhuIrisICfQS9w9-Gaan%7EerFq7LncmnTc0-RpP-g922AxM1MTC1FpOiGTBfjddBKhDocoynACo4ZszlMUU5wL9fxz9yfh58DC9xK86BZK-gmU6D5i9mxe1C4mBNb-T9PLlK-SuBAMIkMP2hOhB4FDUMdmRNT%7EjPIXM1FRtd39XAjFVsrucGBFpxzOs%7EG5jfcCTIvUbg5ANhzn9dUC%7EZVmGKgUw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
4bb9b1311191167ea92cd89d5f9b5942
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/28382/archive/files/f4a1640d3cfcb1557e8099ba6a98f0b8.JPG?Expires=1712793600&Signature=HyKChwfvGXkpaNbMdO1UJ0AFi0vNwz7CHBehU1e1X-D02l28ATY%7EaYhMdtJCPAFOd3YcZPD7RqD4umkAiLdQIzXcNBx1B66JHnteSk5VtEtraDCS8c8HEbwW6Y12V2Ufbm-nWhBLNAiKyHQ0QpgoWClaM5PMoDBRymbHeZ273uTfgT8rZa8Y8w5L06wyYA4gg86BejtBl1VVxSr3fVigETrrOOAvWMhS5Vib4xSeC%7EZ9nkkbWHYXSIp1%7EL0VtnPX3ZGJRBNGtVdLlvR1eW4Dwq76XmP200k5eH%7EGAw1LWBBWd3SVgRVABjLU0d0oa2XuwHWcXRnerLbjbi2KIP5rPQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
761e4b31a43d0500f132e2f2af7f9a55
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/28382/archive/files/7b32d4253b82b7df4773f58d5e07ee89.JPG?Expires=1712793600&Signature=XW6PICEWdPtGMk3sH7mDzzBaufG%7EJN7hxsER-V%7ExwGdwPmTlGdDMd6PqGrm7BMFvRMzItZ%7ED-FqgzBIuG9HTeteYSh7EOk-LxJ6ZOonQS54B%7EpIs-beauPgc9OVY-T18eVaAfvnuvhpDuLfW2bt8LgQ4-92alwGS3wTFK0FJ-O2ssyiAlfUxaXHpeyIIZHVIQafsLpGPy-YDFoPPafqe0oz77ZhoMHza0skIDqZJNCrm0bkeI2sg9YgW93uh5GWF1t3XFik61J1ZJgVtV%7Efhdg2Wa20VTRIOEXo%7EpnaiyRrys1IhF%7ETJqw81ChXQapnEcVJFDcvo0Vi2x0ZrwijtSQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
dd9904a3c3ed8fe7f11b8e5e55f1d6ea
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/28382/archive/files/582b526163c508cba94a00df45ec160b.jpg?Expires=1712793600&Signature=Erm7CfqQnzXzfKqctqCmhVQ0GZ0jsZL%7Ey5ZVKAUKJK6YVgCRbzrePI8afy%7ECGwQ9lq%7E1Je1PLzGHGJSDtkKWFMOhzegRvkUz74xm8cZJkH5yUZZAMUg7vEfpLTX3xJ-gZKpDhVeueMsXmguG9mSXa4jLrjkGBLYjR1UjC3maFVFqG9957Dyzm2mMC4K8a1x1m03xAaKnSJfs6Eb-tLEsmjAYWEP-iAJw4VRo9Dqv2zatwT2wasyUKMWGWs0pOBpNyIJ5lGGIbf3K-JOwX-b8duHIndsjlhCf4YGcV-Jyoveiu%7EV1cEHVi4ZvXyx7vhjVGEkb-uXPW7RJuhqdeXFbPw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
4029a981c8c49767096610d68122a541
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
MEEM
Description
An account of the resource
Historic scientific instruments held by the Department of Mechanical Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA.
Physical Object
Use this field for any solid object.
Physical Dimensions
The actual physical size of the original image
Box: 285 x 240 x 207 mm
Cylinders: height of 90 mm, diam. 50 mm
Springs: 53-63 mm long
Valves: thread sizes of 20 and 25 mm
Materials
Indicator: bronze, steel, rope, graphite
Box: Wood, brass
Maker
American Steam Gauge Co., Boston, MA.
Location
The location of the interview
MEEM, 3rd floor display case
Inscriptions
AMERICAN | STEAM GAUGE &. V. MFG.CO | BOSTON, U.S.A. | PAT'D. JAN. 31. 1899. | PAT'D. JUNE 7. 1904 | J.W. THOMPSON | PAT'D AUG. 31. 75 | 4994 [Indicator]<br /><br />312 | 25 [Cylinder]<br /><br />4994 [Box]<br /><br />10 | 20 | 30 | 40 | 60 | 80 [Springs]
History of the Object
<p dir="ltr"><span>The object was made by the firm the American Steam Gauge Company of Boston, MA. The indicator was initially invented by James Watt, who also is credited with the invention of the steam engine. Joseph Thompson is the creator of this steam engine indicator with his patent being granted on Aug 31, 1875. The instrument was manufactured by The American Steam Gauge Company, which was founded in 1851. The instrument was sold as the “American Thompson Improved Indicator”, and was considered to be high end among steam indicators of the time. The improvements of the Thompson indicator over previous models were that the writing component followed an elliptical pattern to maintain a straight line on the recording barrel. This resulted in less inertia and increased the engine speeds, and pressures that the indicator could be used at. The patent granted in 1904 to Earl Vaughn had the benefits of making the indicator easier to disassemble for adaptability of the indicator. For this reason it is believed that this indicator was manufactured sometime after 1904.</span></p>
Bibliography
<p dir="ltr"><span>"The Story of the Steam Engine Indicator." last modified July/August 2001 http://www.farmcollector.com/steam-traction/story-steam-engine-indicator</span></p>
<p dir="ltr"><span><em>Engineer: with which is incorporated steam engineering, volume 35</em> ..</span><span> Vol. 42. (Chicago: The Engineer Publishing Company, 1905). </span></p>
<p dir="ltr"><span>Dorn, Harold. </span><em>Dictionary of Scientific Biography</em><span>. Vol. 14. (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1976), 196-99.</span></p>
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
American Thompson Steam Gauge
Description
An account of the resource
Physical Description:<br /><p dir="ltr"><span>The Thompson Improved Steam Indicator comes in a dark stained wooden box 285mm wide, 207mm deep, and 240mm tall. It opens about halfway up its height to reveal a number of objects. The box, as well as various components, are serial numbered 4994. Inside the box there are pockets as well as mounts for the various objects to go into which can be seen in the images provided.</span></p>
<p dir="ltr"><span>In the center is the steam indicator, which resembles two off-center attached cylinders screwed onto a mount. The cylinders are both 90mm in height and 50mm in diameter. The top cylinder has a slot to affix a cardstock, a stylus arm and pull string. The bottom cylinder has the arm holding the stylus and a spring inside to control the stylus arm. The bottom of the bottom cylinder has threads and ties to the mount on the bottom of the box, as well as thumb bars on the bottom to attach or unattach it by hand.</span></p>
<p dir="ltr"><span>The steam indicator comes with 6 springs numbered 10, 20, 30, 40, 60, and 80, which range in length from 53-63mm long. These springs are threaded onto mounts on the upper half of the box and can replace the spring inside the bottom cylinder of the steam indicator. This allows the system to make more precise graphs depending on the pressure that the engine is putting out.</span></p>
<p dir="ltr"><span>In addition to the above, there are also two globe shut-off valves with thread sizes of 20 and 25mm. The valves come with caps for one side to prevent damage to the threads that could result in inadequate attachment . There is also a torque wrench used to tighten the lower cylinder onto the engine that the indicator will be attached to. There is also a small vial of oil, for the joints of the stylus arm or the springs. There was also a specialized wrench designed to tighten the components in order to prevent gas leaks. The final component was a ruler with a screw driver end that allowed for the dismantling of the indicator as well as measuring the height of the graphs drawn by the arm allowing the user to find the pressure in the system.</span></p>
<p dir="ltr"><span>Functional Description:<br /></span></p>
<p dir="ltr"><span>In order to use the Thompson steam indicator, the user fastened</span><span> the stainless-steel ball valve to the steam engine being analyzed. The indicator was then be fastened to the open end of the ball valve via a threaded connection. With the ball valve opened, the steam within the engine’s piston</span><span> exerts pressure on a spring enclosed within a 100 mm tall, 30 mm diam. cylinder of the indicator. A plunger connected to the spring is </span><span> </span><span>forced upward depending upon the force received by the spring. The motion of the plunger moves the 80 mm long arm vertically, which determines the markings made by the attached pencil. The pencil marks a piece of paper, which is wrapped around the upper cylinder (90 mm tall and 51 mm dia) of the indicator. Wrapped around this upper cylinder is a string whose function is to rotate the cylinder about its center. If the string were left free to hang, the steam pressure pushes the pencil upward, making a straight vertical line on the paper. However, the string was fastened to a component of the engine to allow for the engine piston and the cylinder to move in unison. The string moves the cylinder of the steam indicator in unison with the piston throughout the entire stroke, and a continuous marking is made to illustrate the pressure at each point of the stroke as the pencil is moved upward and downward while the cylinder pivots throughout the process. Thus, the vertical motion of the pencil graphs changes in pressure, while the rotation of the cylinder indicates the phase of the piston cycle, and so in unison the pencil plots a diagram of the pressure cycle in the engine.</span></p>
<p dir="ltr"><span>The indicator was designed to record the stroke of a steam engine, particularly locomotives. At the start of the stroke, the inlet valve opens completely, allowing the maximum force to be applied to the spring by the steam. The pencil marks a horizontal line at its highest point in the cycle from left to right. At cut-off, the inlet valve closes and expansion of the steam occurs, during which the force gradually decreases. This phase is indicated by a pencil mark resembling an exponential decay curve. At release</span><span>, the exhaust valve opens, releasing the steam and the force is at its minimum, resulting in a straight horizontal pencil mark at the lowest point of the curve—this time from right to left. When the exhaust valve closes, compression occurs, causing a gradual rise in pressure. When the inlet valve opens again, the gradual increase in pressure becomes a sharp increase, causing the pencil to mark a straight vertical line returning to the first point of the cycle when the steam pressure exerts its greatest force on the spring. The end product of this device is a card illustrating the change in pressure throughout the continuous cycle of the steam engine. For an engine operating at 250 RPM, the device could generate one cycle plot (or card) per minute.</span></p>
<p dir="ltr"><span>The spring within the indicator can be replaced with a larger spring to record higher steam engine pressures. The set of springs are marked according to their compressive strength: the spring marked #100 converts the force from 100 psi gauge-pressure</span><span>steam into a pencil movement of one inch, a #80 spring converts 80 psig steam into a movement of one inch, and so on.</span></p>
<p dir="ltr"><span>Though the steam indicator was primarily used on locomotives, it could also be applied to traction engines and artillery</span><span>. Due to the high cost of the indicator, it was seldom used on traction engines beyond the confines of the factory in which it was produced. When applied to heavy artillery, the oil in the recoil chamber would replace the steam as the working fluid and exert a pressure on the spring.</span><span> The string would be fastened to the barrel to allow for the recoil movement to pull on the string.</span></p>
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Elsa Schwartz, Collin Graf, Sarah Hartman, Joel VanLanen, and Patrick Demorest.
Language
A language of the resource
English
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Physical object
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
United States of America
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1904
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
Serial no. 4994
Subject
The topic of the resource
Steam Engines; Pressure Systems; Artillery
19C
20C
mechanical
-
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/28382/archive/files/3ab39fd88ecd7d74fae5d6e085621403.jpg?Expires=1712793600&Signature=HZZLFD1bdthGshYy94YvbOFDIl46iwNUeTk5BYVET2taqn1Yh83b-6nCtFQRYOtby-bLxvBIcdowhPArP2pLZijK3yD316QFePElQpYPP7732JIHHMpC9kR8NC7wnVG1cDmOgJi6vv9j%7EAvUIkNsrkyAQ6zEBDYjTUcWcXyx6tx5K%7EXeWHwIUHSjJ3imiWyf8owQbS8Ui0Q-CSnts64ff4qqbqihMcjKYsmnamfx4jNkpCVJxO3s4YUPYF7VIrthW%7Ejl9HCEVhnQ8Xv84npQQb4-gpDUWSjjX63dtVwGeEFJxOLhd3KFwigNnPxsTD7N7f-0l9zigrgXXMa%7EklW5nQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
d7066a1fe837f252e59adef46f49caf1
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/28382/archive/files/6df437d140f1fe0bbc29006439e36925.jpg?Expires=1712793600&Signature=Ku4FIyiu-tDfbX8CzwtlY3xuOQ4wG4e4weIaJpTgZZ77M0Wl%7Ep5rxWQq%7ECwCP1RuSSRKZ1KOocJKrwHkj4ebZjGlPIr936Vn4DkHzYSPa13DY%7EO%7EJZq0T4mp%7E3DT8yu3dmi51JYmPft2MOneTsX4mBnxkZcRF2FOlYfPzJ0oF5yr-F9fOoXDnv3a%7Ef0SKNdBm1K2GcgOt6KrqGdKONiVm8tar1v7-NPGUDswRIDj7cM4RzjJCNuPDe-8Qfzy1MMv6%7EAlZ0YIzkv40f1kMMC4kchUNL7MzNw-biY1mondwAXR%7EqvZZeMCEFuTgqUFgNd6bREbK0PilZyPpRuYHRjB1A__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
bee7fc89e1d6579f0ddacbc9def24e9b
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/28382/archive/files/bb54ed9884957d3d7376155e74263242.jpg?Expires=1712793600&Signature=uWbVIjZCqbJBvYfoIoW10NdvrZRsdkjeUy%7EMDlqG4QWk%7ExOfSFLr5ReJB2TKJUnLrEMqU5GzUJ5wozgvq2O9IzjGyQhcevhIMYZD8PZo7xcctxsi9OIvCMqCyepWRFWlJavn%7EpmQUN0--8Y7I0GGtEVWgsbKPp7V7NiluEwJsPCKm%7EnifkGECxul90fQJA64%7EZs0qWzwt4Y40YjS9n%7EQ7J0PK%7ETJhw3qvmImsWoBzMda%7EDVHWi5lmyL0P5-KdfEbaHF6-fB%7EZDlsxSjhQMueFo4sgA1VOPcKPtp1sRk2i0sg5qBUAElMh1WMgc00Wy0gmWJ7ma88INzSrAWaLmskdg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
05f125c03d938fce0733f8bebadf9719
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/28382/archive/files/01c0f8130617f3a15db9151e218bf7b2.jpg?Expires=1712793600&Signature=cIH09C78mspipe8nYhxngTXMLUFslLhPEv-i63gJXfUldIzU%7E84PLP9dvW5Zf-9RlpdAm47BKHYNg1fzBjqbNTFNqp72p0uVDfYTcO9K3qU9mzJ1kjL5qpiGN0Nh6Px7AlrOqjTkCy5kSOgHH-Ujg2AomJbIEmbe0d-jr6vePrYOBsa%7EyvX7x7qn-DUdTFURyv0SQva9ENwzdRcNhcO8FUxrh%7ECkOPfemyjwS2NWLEoG%7EYeK0OrrhrmYIaF6gnEACwRdaZBl74UcXIvkaE2yJrkq6bbOVjW1qQjlihPY3LEFcDDk7usFze6RDDgNmdx93tzJvv7INtZxLufgDYW8ug__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
0eb06ccbd2994feb62ccc8e316df48b7
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/28382/archive/files/2198d82cb4e5765956ebab0f83bd8007.jpg?Expires=1712793600&Signature=uWp1xpUicPEV9JMGfqlsketFMH8Uz5EOZwOU7J0-snVNnrIrQstSb5F%7EWHhaC-sHSpfQIIsAM0J7KcVpxyouY1-ZeqkAP2Evv3rpF4B09FXyfH26zx23Q4eQb52UIiirw5djGen7I7A%7EXKY3jQPGIiHoR1-aV672paDRxu8x4E9p67bawjnnrN3bQV9IoEQREIxjeBn4nxFQHJYk9GMHgdiwBKHONAHL1vG2hkBEt7wyRcOJaOVYIi08YaIz1dFi7tB8-SolfPMTm0-lnjDhjvuhW8lNWqm7Yh0CoUWf734fzOUz2Sbmz6VKmwaU-Kw69KeTKkVggYfwdSv%7E0ZLzZA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
08b258559167c5619fe94891e14af411
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Alumni House
Description
An account of the resource
Historic scientific instruments held by Alumni Affairs, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA.
Physical Object
Use this field for any solid object.
Materials
<strong>Case:</strong> steel, felt, leather<br /><strong>Instruments: </strong>stainless steel, plastic
Maker
Eugene Dietzgen Company, Chicago
Inscriptions
<p><strong>Case Front:</strong> DIETZGEN | MASTER-PRO | 1213PJ<br /><strong>Case Back:</strong> MADE IN GERMANY</p>
History of the Object
<p>Dietzgen engineering supply company was founded in 1885 in Chicago by the German immigrant Eugene Dietzgen. The first manufacturing facility opened in 1893, producing T-squares, drawing boards, surveying instruments, drafting instruments, and other engineering supplies. High quality and craftsmanship of the tools made Dietzgen sets highly sought after.</p>
<p>The specific set of drafting equipment that is in the Alumni House is a Dietzgen Master - Pro 1213PJ. Sets such as this were produced throughout the 1930s, 40s, and 50s. The set that resides on the campus was produced within the 1930s, having a unique configuration within the box that is much more rare than the later versions from the 1950s. These tools were likely used for surveying and architectural drawings throughout its time at Michigan Technological University. The time of arrival at the university is unknown.</p>
Location
The location of the interview
Display case on first floor of Alumni House.
Physical Dimensions
The actual physical size of the original image
<p>Numbers correspond to Figure 2.<br /><strong>1. Extension for Beam Compass:</strong> 230 mm x 5 mm<br /><strong>2. Beam Compass:</strong> <span>Sliding parts 70 mm x 20 mm, Guiding bar 230 mm x 5 mm</span><br /><span><strong>3. Screwdriver:</strong> <span>17.5 mm x 5 mm</span></span><br /><span><strong>4. Pen Attachment:</strong> <span>67 mm x 6 mm</span></span><br /><span><strong>5. Large Compass:</strong> Max angle 80 degrees, <span>Arms 160 mm x 6 mm</span></span><br /><span><strong>6. Pen attachment:</strong> <span>68 mm x 5 mm</span></span><br /><strong>7. Lead Capsule:</strong> 8 mm x 6 mm<br /><strong>8. Replacement Parts Capsule: </strong>50 mm x 11 mm<br /><span><strong>9. Pen Attachment: </strong><span>38 mm x 5 mm</span></span><br /><span><strong>10. Divider: </strong><span>150 mm x 5 mm</span></span><br /><span><strong>11. Small Compass: </strong>Max angle 80 degrees, <span>112.5 mm x 6 mm</span></span><br /><span><strong>12. Ruling Pen:</strong> <span>140 mm x 8 mm</span></span><br /><span><strong>13. Technical Pen:</strong> <span>130 mm x 14 mm</span></span></p>
Bibliography
<p>"DIETZGEN MEDIA." DIETZGEN MEDIA. Accessed March 03, 2017. <a href="http://www.nashua.com/dietzgen/aboutus/history.html">http://www.nashua.com/dietzgen/aboutus/history.html</a>.</p>
<p>Geisecke, Fredrick E., Alva Mitchell, and Henry Spencer. <em>Technical Drawing</em>. 1st ed. The Macmillan Company, 1933.</p>
<p>Monge, Gaspard. <em>Géométrie descriptive. Leçons données aux Écoles normales, l'an 3 de la République; Par Gaspard Monge, de l'Institut national.</em> Paris: Baudouin, 1798.</p>
<p>Morris, Harold Marcuse Joshua. "Vera Dietzgen Feldmann on Josef Dietzgen (1828-1888) and the Dietzgen Family." Dietzgen Family History Page. Accessed March 03, 2017. <a href="http://www.history.ucsb.edu/faculty/marcuse/projects/oralhistory/dietzgen/DietzgenJosephFamilyHistory.htm">http://www.history.ucsb.edu/faculty/marcuse/projects/oralhistory/dietzgen/DietzgenJosephFamilyHistory.htm</a></p>
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Dietzgen Master-Pro Drafting Instrument Set
Subject
The topic of the resource
Drafting; Engineering; Architecture; Cartography
Description
An account of the resource
<p><strong>Physical Description: </strong>The drafting set is stored in a simple grey case with a red felt interior. The case only has three words on the outside cover: “Made in Germany”. The only markings on the inside of the case are the letters “DS” written in marker on the felt; presumably the initials of the original owner. Though the case is plain and simple, the drafting tools contained inside are intricate and precise. The set includes a large and small compass, a beam compass (with an extension), attachments for the compasses, both a ruling and technical pen, a pair of dividers, and a screwdriver. With these tools come replacement parts carried in capsules. The replacement parts consist of screws and heads for the compasses and ruling pen.</p>
<p><strong>Functional Description: </strong>The purpose of drafting tools is to create precise diagrams which convey how something functions or should be constructed. Drafting plays an important role in manufacturing, engineering, architecture, and cartography.</p>
<p>The function of the case is simply to store and protect the drafting tools, and keep them neat and organized. The interior of the case has slots fitted to the tools so that there is minimal movement when the case is carried. The dividers are used to quickly compare and transfer measurements, and to divide lines into segments. The compasses are used for drawing circles and arcs, and come in a variety of sizes to allow the drawing of very small circles in the case of the small compass, and very large circles in the case of the beam compass. The technical pen is used in order to draw lines of a fixed width, where as the ruling pen allows for the width of lines to be varied. There are a number of attachments that can used with the ruling pen and compasses in order to change between writing in ink and lead. Typically the initial revisions of a draft are done with lead, and then the pens are used later to create the final draft.</p>
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Andrew Brusso, Rachel Fernstrum, Jacob Hedman, Nathan Regan, Zac Taylor
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
c. 1930
Language
A language of the resource
English
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
physical object
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Germany
1930s
Architecture
Cartography
Compass
Dietzgen
Divider
Drafting
Technical Drawing
-
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/28382/archive/files/cd704edf7bf9282d4fb2ab99e4e0e4c9.jpeg?Expires=1712793600&Signature=OR004Hr-zVq7gVwt1ysS2747IpHzsGad6nZM7udcIhrY8szxlqJFP8WqBO2b%7E5Aafl8ooM6gIG%7EHccxiXilIyR3G1dj-AZD3qeJrLjlphREhM3%7Emkwk-JGE2pghZsdEtixWnv8NtxeZJG1-Atd16Tnveby4PWgWB7hDs0zNolYbW-og1YtBNKWIkpB2N3KH2jkAygxh%7EWyHDNXFNwXrYmdvdeN9L8K6P2K3Ysbk0cmN%7E1z77o%7E2XMI332MiU4prKum4VWrmJHA954mV4q8xQfoGZzul23hcDklbljYvhcavR3hxcVeeuuFdQzopUHcuXH6zSZ9DRABSTpu%7ED1yQt7A__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
6eb559f207ee99796a4b4fde958d654c
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/28382/archive/files/c22ae64621ef130404f0782203cace43.jpeg?Expires=1712793600&Signature=fw1Pgt50WQkpojKhYqOfmEw7sqiFCT%7EKP5YDzNCpdWCCoaPKMY0UZLqxWyBZQ7EIu6BtpHAU4dNXeZMyBFzm4hGhHuVSgZkIiWNnUO7UuOAKSUJOi8BJ%7E2D6Q4iC-JHhrmkYWIvkAI-OBn8gHzR7CRJexWi3zItM9%7EHFxlxxqu0ZJEm%7EiYQoFVWRu9aerDSaLTX16fuPeNjxiLukr%7Euid3Umqz4Y92xunzR3RkhWHJ07O5KMVvBi0K51md-dpH6-TO01U3T9J5cNgL2RnfWphPCy1kDdwGXIB81%7EXNEf7eMy7-kgK0khE6ft4kIGxfh7DSZK3geGnjhKi-kmAyWMIA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
8d8c7be7d4062c6882600bbca4b8cb20
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/28382/archive/files/fdb2e230803c249cb0866b472baa26f2.jpeg?Expires=1712793600&Signature=o%7ET6mcQvewX-ZM9jkVNoGwdWW5cDZPGDZ77di82oDErOTT0JtQwje09ZM1aBcGPSb94vGZ7YH5G1dGoqduWO5OX0FoiLQJ4i-olMaxPcTxhG4Tg1pdEc1bWduZCPc%7Ek42g3kC5DRNOOnoDyB9AbGLGVBjKH34x8N-GPxq5YpgXbKu2kA7D3OgwTXiHQVQHImyK0SvmqAd1Z2oDoAQdFT37IgjeviO0wE0aO-MB5vuq21ecxBr8A-m%7Er8PUO0vbo6YFoDVZisZnAdaHChLhOYS1WlmqKWgU3tPE%7ESCGEpGiJ3dlqgS8pvp7S09C6kCNPBW3dwqCYdeMP20r-AbdGd-A__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
2bf1a31a6aa66c88db1a443554a5c619
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/28382/archive/files/a396d6dc06675af1e43112703abc7a15.jpeg?Expires=1712793600&Signature=Q0gThSSe6SGVTJsPSq0kKSE8uiqnnaJiw5VUzFF3rvAaXy%7Ecn3Wu8wPHa2x4TS2ahnh1QQB9pmXQ%7ExmRS8qDYXqnBP3WOQebIJW7t1T8qUQ9fPMeztF-HDo6uPY7xgrIcpZrqB-sKOXj0tED7tn2cpf6PSGoaHX6unfKAfGu2y9ZoAenGEcSlCKvd1wmqSn3bLjZ8gEPR%7EoGhjU-CkeYyw0ChKddjMx-fjD6yKiPtjVBYcEVq%7EHl1ADtZ%7EchAGScVJJe3CdY2%7EnMOODkoI8EkPS0f1OZcgRfgNdrq0ilBg8z9iLdvTmkSf4MJyL8TZ0AgPyMprqU8hCzaBzKHsNZ9Q__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
025c098aeaaf264e99fa62fee003c67e
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/28382/archive/files/4350821617e0b4e68b636fb88085d486.jpeg?Expires=1712793600&Signature=myPCMGXVaF1xQ7a0kkUGsjLvTQe5kflx-52mzk2oPeIHC2FG-kuXWdXhooibLFzShROjJIEpwuB%7EfFapbL0UOCnVjDul4mJflnTP5%7EX2jrQqa2wxC75P74SNhVEi061%7ET3cSw6ynwuPSjQU65GUKwZhveTOJdEJWiYDJlfCPMwcxjsBusndbSIWUGqfBMrzqJK3LdO0%7ELVLlfuGF211CtU8NBUwUZlxffpuoa9pSgXgA4tT8xjfrxYORKmmFUwqIXNI5HYmP2T0%7EPlAdmNqTU4IWH3CYP94r0VuaC8JlDHJDRLNy1DNwoj3u-XxmVxUSA1ALyscz-5Od6J0gm3IT8g__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
09f9ff22e09d1be1a90fa70ed4f6a319
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Chemistry
Description
An account of the resource
Historic scientific instruments held by the Department of Chemistry, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA.
Physical Object
Use this field for any solid object.
Physical Dimensions
The actual physical size of the original image
Base: 43.18 cm x 39.37 cm x 19.05 cm
Right side: 8.89 cm x 31.115 cm x 8.89 cm
Left Side: 5.715 cm x 36.195 cm x 43.18 cm
Diameter of circle on base: 50.8 cm
Distance between X-ray transmitter and receiver: 25.4 cm
Telescope piece: 19.685 cm long
Red X-Ray box: 8 cm x 8 cm x 8 cm
Green box: 4 cm x 4 cm x 4 cm
Transmitter length: 9 cm
Receiver length: 7 cm
Materials
Steel, Plastic, Glass
Maker
This instument was manufactured in Germany by Eraf Nonius, a company based in Rotterdam, Netherlands
History of the Object
Dr. Rudy Luck, a chemistry professor at Michigan Technological University, explained the history of this instrument. A company called Enraf Nonius manufactured it around the year 1973. This was a state of the art single photon detection device at the time. This device came to Michigan Tech secondhand in 1998. Dr. Luck purchased it from Nonius with a grant. He was not aware of where it had been before it came to Michigan Tech. He did know that wherever the instrument had been before Michigan Tech it had been replaced by a newer multiple photon detection device. This is why it had been returned to Nonius, allowing it to be purchased by Dr. Luck. The diffractometer is not used as much today as it was when it was originally puchased by Dr. Luck. This is because as the technology has advanced it has become quicker and cheaper to send samples away to a seperate lab for testing that it is to wait the 3 days for the sample to be analyzed in the Nonius. With that said, the machine is still used and is just as accurate as the newer machines that have been produced.
Location
The location of the interview
Chemical Sciences and Engineering Building, Rm. 703
Bibliography
<span>Laue, Max Von. "Röntgenstrahl-Interferenzen"</span><span>. Leipzig: Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft, 1941.<br /><br /><span>Ewald, Peter Paue. "Max von Laue." </span><em>Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society</em><span> 6 (November 1960): 135-56. Accessed March 21, 2017. http://rsbm.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/roybiogmem/6/134.</span><br /><br /><span>Maugh, Thomas H. "X-ray Crystallography: 3-D Structures by Optical Computing." </span><em>Science</em><span> 195, no. 4276 (1977): 384. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1743289.</span><br /></span>
Inscriptions
<ul><li>U.S.PAT. 3.636.347 l BRIT.PAT. 1.267.440 (this inscription is located on the front of the instrument)</li>
<li>SERIE NR. (this inscription is located on the front of the instrument)</li>
<li><address>SIEMENS l Type K FFM0 2K 190 l Nr. 898210 l 60Kv 2.v.0 kW l MADE IN GERMANY l CAUTION X-RAYS l THIS EQUIPMENT PRODUUCES l X-RAYS WHEN ENERGIZED (this inscription is located on the right side of the instrument)</address></li>
</ul>
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Enraf Nonius Cad 4 Turbo X-ray Diffractometer
Subject
The topic of the resource
X-ray Crystallography
Description
An account of the resource
Physical Description:
Machine is black, white and gray with a square base. The back of the base has several slots for the cords to be attached. On the back side is also a long thin piece of silver metal with inscriptions SERIE NR., U.S.PAT. 3.636.347, and BRIT.PAT. 1.267.440. One side of the base has two metal boxes attached an equal distance apart horizontally and centered vertically. On the base stands two separate columns. The first column is bent in the middle forming the shape of a V. This column has three lights on top with the words x-rays on, shutter closed, and shutter opened. One of three lasers is attached to this column as well. On the area of the column that the laser is located is also a chunk of metal with the inscription SIEMENS, Type, Nr, 60 kV, kW, and MADE IN GERMANY. About one third of this piece of metal is yellow with the inscription CAUTION X-RAYS, THIS EQUIPMENT PRODUCES X-RAYS WHEN ENERGIZED. On the opposite side of the machine is a black flat piece of metal with a circular area and a longer narrower area. In the middle of the circular area is a pillar that holds the mineral specimen. In this area is also a microscope attached to the base, as well as a circular piece of silver metal with numbers inscribed along the edges. Along the narrower area of the flat black piece is a second column, which looks like the first column. This column holds only a laser, which is located directly across from the laser on the first column, and two slots for the cords. There is a small bar that begins right before the laser that attaches column one to column two.
Functional Description:
To operate the x-ray diffractometer, a small crystal sample is loaded into a glass container and then placed in the path of the x-rays. A computer is then used to start up the machine, which takes about 3 days to run. At the end of the 3 days, an image is produced which shows the diffraction pattern of the sample.
The crystals in the sample diffract the x-rays in multiple directions, which then shows up on the image produced. This pattern can then be used to produce an image of electron density within the crystal, which leads to an image of the exact positioning of the atoms within the crystal as well as the locations of chemical bonds.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Sean Golden, Caleb Korson, Alex Person, Stefan RhodeHumphries
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
c. 1973
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Physical Object
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Netherlands
Cad 4 Turbo
Crystallography
diffractometer
Nonius
-
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/28382/archive/files/20cc46fbffcfe8261f644d700e363578.jpg?Expires=1712793600&Signature=M-qAk9f5OS-Gd8MSal7Wml57egloE73Q-rrm3MMM1lmwJFnBzU1HAsdVIlNDFw2tVnwXsz5tOgUI4IJQlSxbHNzNnsog4qJVoFHEVUGK6H4ROGaLb7oGKYfIE0A2V7f88RMqD8W%7EVDu2fnXM1DZlPAxdoyWjILeJ2yMYZz8UUJmKEjbH50jRBmnRfE1E6u7GX-4fPKCXwazk0IYP%7EjgeqOuqXadbrKE-yS%7ELsZG2rbEDVZOv9e9Yit1LJDzfCAzYgpnVu9AIwr2OCd5S6S0SM2S3-cA42zZEQCEukQUTNV4jfghKmZfGINInaceAhRNih3SzLxpAbka2nchiURNEoQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
745cf64e7194fef77c93bcd4f0a3c8cf
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/28382/archive/files/2750bc71191704dcda6c552ce44ee046.jpg?Expires=1712793600&Signature=f%7E1T0WRPE1tMXHNEDJ3r-S19yUHPcOTevNBPiALHND3M-eR8Cjc%7EmPbrMixphJiU8s9DeiakztoB817zWMJ6GGYySTmM8PEObK7v6BRO3v%7EUOe4l46kdx7sTSA57esGUpL1-CZ8XwQtAHJiBfGdjXzMRXJw2JNxd2qIvJJ7mOfkxTPo0wY1qyFGcgiIANcvHj13rYXIW2JlWI-uvsZ7haLBEC6LQQbWoeTNHeZmiNwQVCTmeY0jA3YSoyUUR0v1Htnanm49O6s2dKu-SGFQtBr-nQy7kmwbcJqoky4hAim91y2xoFhHEQTW6ZxZi9EgRyQ1J6SBgHlI0Zjp%7EjJAM1Q__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
9615cb1834954b5634b2e4450bda4214
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/28382/archive/files/4436a16de844b79adac7f3d5a0dda72f.jpg?Expires=1712793600&Signature=Esh1%7ExbRaqszHe%7EMiFIsl9tiZ5jSE3JKWumwGHQHyh%7E-JWzMqka9OMjKoO7XhwHTZgDmkbXM-H6sByFs-%7EEMjWAtPDah%7E-xrm-mZjaBEt2rSQs4kgEDGF%7Eu5QXIapILL7HMR7K00rIIlNvfuQmhGq1fWdnLTwL8NLieATARQliirL%7EspctuYgdTRSM9SgGk74IppUF8GQs14u2CqUIehFUKofJjKa7%7ERKzEBV6scuCi1W6vf8fa6G2oe6titgWuhjIQTr7PgcFsqxse-zpLaFyRP6wQWmQZttXqLEosmXt3Cltcn5o6SLharpdBqHbtXTTUQ1DxsEr%7ESYnB6eBdptQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
52ce513d9979fc0065552965c68e2e23
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/28382/archive/files/19edfa5214899bbf20f5b3cc024f821d.jpg?Expires=1712793600&Signature=lqdm1YfKPmJ7YYcvYwRUxTLJJohzQzOW3qbQGQb8CgCJY73CTn9RJNep5NXRUVfZGTpTB2bcu-1y3bdA3gTcgjNFr0CSYCHCOr-3P1s7zQUgHlUy7JSCymzGhYCf56lLFU4-R9KJ2iCKypGCE%7ETQBfazXejqMtjNsG33YUIM4ypZ7lm4hLCtB%7EnCfUu4ix9xCb-SOInt4WnBpm6wo77O8yLMXL8k5NGzEK8Prpq8roRSbuO7OepzfzMH-lAn46qAlhpjuOLrt%7EzFYw8e2AgcjFwlI1ILgCz6U8UGWGXHmwQ5CY2It3qBA6Bd1OS5V2Ebfk0qyOULuVhJNP%7EE-65UIw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
ea0d3a10016a7ec7d32a0d0ecf6a16ed
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/28382/archive/files/42ddf41e9dec440e21111df30a2c577d.jpg?Expires=1712793600&Signature=ReE46bQdsCpkjvhHfOqhSOjaE2Ts-7Wc7c8BxuZNm2QNi6XVko4mgN3Y0KXk5kXov4Gfn%7EnLcxc30q5Hr7X91z0YhqoW78oI-kOoHSQor1nsRpnuE00QRkn7m5m5oY8NiZIqVkvIhe0txXlMjuQSbY68ycsdnXKUsboIsYzZUfGWd7eJgBWezOuzWPXe4gcfznjNXKyq82aPsfjFICHU-If0jbg8n4m75ZN9F4g3tftRGTIZ01Vp0Bh85j-7NuEW6T-IY9F-TOBYtKC7Wb8fmW7wG9FrERelir3%7EccJlbP01zw8a7xqcjb7Vmkhll9vbhm1FlQH56unJLHRBRPsHdQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
46767181266714a0c2a6c3b754588336
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/28382/archive/files/16c93dda3c0f30583ec766826f85ac64.jpg?Expires=1712793600&Signature=kakLgJ3eRyI7bu0mc2sSEVK1tcPLmeXjsUcmazPmPQOdxC%7EZsNtHy4emKjyu93sVHiJu99k5qDF9wERHPdlJ2Vo0Jigu1tAi1azBh3y6Cb6cKPPMCMrLDvK98-cgeKoUeaokFYQwiDvsqxw%7Ep3lvKdfPRMQ5i-XrTVEhvzjKt2CLItQbvIa2hlv1%7EzDlBk5Th6POxmmRS8KAnpgERYDn8CFiwoZUQ-7l50tTUVdW1152-XPbARXt%7ETRWSt7J7ebLtMBbaz2BDdbdim41WANsWCjBwkIR9ViPG4EEttmjA4HbR2l92KtJgJPjR7ZpPCd-Je7cp7J9GdjkgGXbQNSEtQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
0758ddfc5d7d6558cc1bcd863c694446
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/28382/archive/files/a4bb049741f2b3f8dbbd58e8380ae39b.jpg?Expires=1712793600&Signature=L29ShbMrUGi2nJf62LIgO9r0nXxFfLB0rVkcIl6mzWd2oKoA9Z9mx6SqkfGWBh5KIC9W%7EkFgu-mjfOdfPJiqNIjSZL0pKJbsHjhYFEzoWfkPqDnVPVZlEV-aOF-xUbIx-x3d9jIPA-naIefUSOkRla%7Ei6qAOwK6riTwZ7tsNMbAAPyoPm8w-m1vLMSYe2X2I84CjWL4KVf8QuoiStii59kA1XkHpxgupdRoC5elISzvfvxVhI229tEOYk9LO1qc-liW5LVKWjd9V-ZZONYuWeOD-yB6Owq0P%7EAP4r5ECXAzP55s60iwT4qbrnFfEiy6c%7EbccxgLLtBRVNFeVfYhM8Q__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
7f3783c8aeaf62bd3c3189efab6e1fc0
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
School of Technology
Description
An account of the resource
Historic scientific instruments held by the Surveying Department of the Michigan Technological University School of Technology, Houghton, MI, USA.
Physical Object
Use this field for any solid object.
Physical Dimensions
The actual physical size of the original image
245mm length of barrel
75mm Diameter of stand
155mm outside compass diameter
110mm compass
263mm height
Materials
brass, steel, glass
Maker
W & L.E. Gurley, Troy, NY
Inscriptions
On the face of the compass
W & L. E. Gurley, Troy, New York
Circiular compass scale 0 to 360 by 10s, also includes N, E, S, and W at appropriate points. There are also numbers from 30 to 0 to 30 for both the horizontal and vertical axes of rotation on verniers.
Location
The location of the interview
Electrical Engineering Resource Center 231
Bibliography
<em>Gurley Manual of Surveying Instruments</em><span>. 46th ed. Troy, NY: W. &L.E. Gurley, 1912. Accessed March 22, 2017. https://archive.org/details/gurleymanualsur03nygoog.<br /><br /><span>"How Old Is My Gurley?" How Old Is My Gurley? Accessed March 22, 2017. http://www.surveyhistory.org/how_old_is_my_gurley1.htm.</span><br /></span>
History of the Object
No clear history was found about this particular transit at Michigan Tech. However, some information is known about the origin of similar transits made by W & L.E. Gurley and a date of origin can be estimated from this information. Around 1852, W & L.E. Gurley was the largest manufacturer of engineering and surveying instruments. The design of Gurley instruments remained very similar for most of production including their surveyor’s transits. This particular transit dates before 1908, evident by the lack of serial number; serial numbers weren't added to the transits until 1908. It is probably from the post-1880 because of the placement of "Troy, NY" inscription on the compass (2). The transit is part of a larger collection of similar transits at Michigan Tech in the School of Technology.
2. ("How old is my Gurley")
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Surveying Transit
Subject
The topic of the resource
Surveying
Description
An account of the resource
Physical Description:<br /><br />The transit is broken up into three different layers. Starting at the base, there is a opening in the bottom allowing the device to be fixed to a tripod, or legs as they were referred to by Gurley, the creator of the transit. (1) Just above the base sit three brass leveling screws which supported the brass leveling base. On top of the leveling base were the lower horizontal tangent and locking knob. A small, cylindrical support leads from the leveling base to the circular Vernier Plate. In the middle of the Vernier Plate is the compass, which has a steel interior and a brass exterior. The compass is held in place by two needles. On the outside of the Vernier Plate as N and W, there are two Plate Vials, or levels. At W and E of the compass, there are twin supports that lead up to the telescope. At the top of one of these two-legged supports is a vertical circle which runs parallel to another Vernier Plate to find relative angles. Suspended from the two-legged supports is the telescope. Below the telescope is another level. <br /><br />Functional Description:<br /><br />This device is used to measure very precise angles both vertically and horizontally. The surveyor would set the device on a flat surface and look through the transit to sight it in on point they wanted to know relative to them. They would then take the compass and vertical dial angle readings. This process takes a bit of patience. First, they adjust the four base knobs until the device reads level on the two levels next to the compass, assuring accurate measurements. Failing to do so would cause the surveyor to grossly miscalculate their position. They then line up the compass so the north lines up with the needle. At this point, the surveyor unlocks the transit scope from it horizontal and vertical axes and point it at the point in question. The surveyor uses the focus knob on the side of the scope to get a clear image then locks the scope in place. The surveyor makes further horizontal and vertical adjustments using the fine adjustment knobs and checking the progress through the scope. When satisfied that the scope is on point, the surveyor takes the horizontal bearing from the gauge around the compass and the vertical angle from the vertical dial on the side of the scope. These measurements can be used to help calculate distances and elevations using trigonometry.<br /><br />1. (Gurley Manual of Surveying Instruments)
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Timothy Judge, Xena Cortez, James Dykstra, and Conner Deur
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
Between 1880 and 1908
Language
A language of the resource
English
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Physical Object
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
No accession number
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
United States of America
-
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/28382/archive/files/30d9ba2c29167c6c50af19f7222c9ebc.JPG?Expires=1712793600&Signature=XClA9OJcbqssmTad2GqTcjaF5Sw55Y30FiYC4wo2KOHvpFmENPhF1wakIXiwRz34fZSHe08led9B4WPi6oZ6HKLGL2lkYSAg4sHWAMlpmz5JkSpqQBIL3K3yVi%7Emv27BXibTbRxeOn9OrUINeGomWhh2ugsEQrUa-OWyDtsHgJdr4I6lCfAfmyrDZiNuvxJdWO2arXcqkmE0D5ZSm1kdgZmWJJTS7Vs%7EJ84U7HsPYlYzYi2QstyG%7Ee2FBqtDEltHi3RhHNYepH73mVAI1N-crJ%7Eaxc392luw1tTCUgj4p1mVAtLK5QgoLodW6b5ioiTO4yyWeyCuIcKQ1b%7E67t9HPw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
540d7478d63a54bce318a64dad3734a4
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/28382/archive/files/1247867fa41bacf314a06aedff300eb5.JPG?Expires=1712793600&Signature=Q0Rk5ZED8Kgnq7uqycLhxtPUjHRQo48JJTi35JWfcZYSt6azPYLo5swEx0aIbNNvhbVJktugi6kSsjYUtrcE21rILGDNgn0LRhOC%7EVNd5W15PPXs8kgcfE2vTsgpsT-DBiLfP5pipb73mJnxP0KFP-mztMRCAVoft2-EGzBNl2qLJukadZxx0gbbZG23D9m4iZgcsQW5AGeLUJN0A23R-GRrkHj6HkjSMu0puhuTNI4BWNl8MLghOkoxypU3en1sfK-ZhqMuL9CdywbUF%7EjiY1C-LoxYh2KMB%7EmIi%7EZDboMDWbjj5JF57JInULSwmOUAqykubwhyNhBRkA1KoEu5gA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
40bd90bcb6c654baa5638a5b4502c534
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/28382/archive/files/c48ba5b4fe24a18dccab3506375cd812.JPG?Expires=1712793600&Signature=fd-1EY-hCpmgSOU2fvl697-UNMpCCyK3MSmvG5a5wapcL7vkS6tjmX3zeS-T35RqY-FYOu5ddHZgTBSNNht2mR3ha6S8B5OrMQpDEB3ul-edMHmoZtwwQYbqkCtXw-xIuYtPFqSpkDtxg53or4lNVozTDK-B5qHbXqAClQm0yJyAM-SIKMp0t%7ETDs1BvzedbKhw9dyIgMoNDU7Z9zYVogtcRn38zeABZ01RO1uTipOzirVfq80ngr3lsBbUF-CVdciU%7E9qBlsCetWZ9%7EqnzBR4nfYnWCans7NDOd7mFBpMbSLhYB5WoIPjJa73lg7ejE6bVDoKg2zbTsNOVaWf1axg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
2b22ae18306dc55842ecdec90f93b6d4
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/28382/archive/files/22d46f449f6764d0a483671f60031dc7.JPG?Expires=1712793600&Signature=fUSGTTPPFHVJOJoOkXFxWUOnTRW7iZIe-jgayQnVVYdEi0opDBF2%7ESHQd%7E6EH5f%7ESfxXhbnF%7EtxQC4%7E2l%7ELf2-VTAXtILAxmBa2qhWN%7Ev3h-LjxjZmFetOYMRB2fFR0bnYFRIsYdwtWKcqWLu9ja7SwD3C%7EX-cp1tOhVd11bUbKdHuvBw3HgGPXRhMlAk3nNET9roEf5ueW9xlElz4czh86nMzAt3iOsyX%7EvRAIb3Mq2LJD5rhy7arBcH-wvV6cTWHhrMGpoD9Cuvqs7-umaQPqwAXfChiuQB16-k0gB9szbVdBEJEznFYa3xJFWM3lNI%7ELCo%7EzJ6usRAoAlGn8TPw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
d895c22c7e604325456065f40627a7e4
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/28382/archive/files/7fac7ed20bc1186ec050a7fa80404772.JPG?Expires=1712793600&Signature=azQukv-9Q%7EEncXFioJb1NTrSluU0Kzazh4uUlPmiUqbNZlh%7EhIg1TjkMthRjIH819Fp2OYoZ11ROGw56WyssVaTscgq%7EK3xVtwp6hbfC2R-DYXEEknSVvLpCfyDesOmd8RmtHVFtko2KoNz0VgmpbmfvR6DIcsvGU1-%7EjlPJSdjXAk%7ETrGLV5Kz1%7ET-MsTqerqRpTNBuuYIOnDqMk5Rsu2m0O8s1W2ZUF7f8clNI96vZwE61EXlw1ddH3aSssc8EhqofFFB3AAsGbf29erMczWl07w3w4M8b2Dzzd8OXr9umxz6M-eXmJAoGxEIPEZiXMn5aioWHRkRcryJMMr45tA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
364580fbdcf43cb089151d907cb829b9
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/28382/archive/files/5f881110c3a15916fb52b96a4db7cf48.JPG?Expires=1712793600&Signature=Ay58rKh0GD2wGYb5-BOMc32rmLqtcGCJz49-czhc-iw3nxRq-33shD7OYx6GNA3vHmztlWet3OUOVuytACQooleyJHj6hBNzF2uCpzuwx60YvipeNkEuWHWh90rguUkfIeBt4gFdJvKIkLcxMk8QAeG1GjIjVk6LN2jKS9hAkhHWMANRmKPrR-9qge377U1FewYI8voonz4vVs%7EfBIZs4F6OJX9dswN0rEC-bzNIFWcyBLLPDUC4lzgP7w1x%7EJqqzXMAgzTCb4Els0pSNB89Y4xpat3MdXPKFdm7KE1su0MgU-wLj1uBw-1Qhfne6ngC1hSYOreQRYaCbQGM8zi%7Eqw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
c6c3c2ea978ed2788b9e7f1104c06571
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/28382/archive/files/b7b99662445ed866cd8f10a90ba03149.JPG?Expires=1712793600&Signature=QWeBr-OCIRTmcwaCMsDtRTpY9Fk4WAd3CkuF2-e4fIcocNpW5kyRIT7GJsicpH4ksc-HJ-4IfxzTkkZj9r6QmoB84PPUJLdbScSP120WWmqBtkC4u%7EQtrNpvqSRGrvUG-u5yGyAKJ0kBNKZ4U2pZ%7EoWhsCYnoZ6iSUzgOTMf0L0T5w9v4KIibSknd6-lEcERDdJsFQwn5KVRg0IfL6IdIKx25ugZFzs-a-xgqi08SQuxMR22cMN4cRW-5-8VzRjmDrAaUwfNmQUK7rLtQQacAQnYV7YfcbTmjvRNX71wILPgDDZSRmvUwY9gGIWKYIhaqtf8w0YSOs4Ylz3zyCcK3A__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
92920360aafae8e6ca6803089bb079da
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/28382/archive/files/66eeff0d0976005229d67cf112fc7b14.JPG?Expires=1712793600&Signature=eq9D24pznr6lGgRL5Fped5leg9rzsJzhdw9JEzfbwkPKoZ8n7gAb8WcyFxOf4QPuPC7d6q6oz0idKNflXaUeuUtadNh%7Ea2W9GjmpFr9TrHc9xG6vB0yHCm%7EIQTbVu0lc7Ns8AQBiIp4KT1zssj9fC21ZHPa2xPm4ozmDVoNgRr9SUtBdC6bW9LrY-jWsBWMGcHLDjf4Z1vN1smjptb6d9F8xjhCMCcxOuq3PoT1p3yr1Gs%7EGdRqXYmz73hATMzOoDbbVy806Jc3Z3SVMYt-HhgNVvjBiWhelQZqIdDACNzlp0IzsLuT4--45d64J4q7sZJ8xMg%7E69puPtAAbUd4qIg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
6f632fae7562ae66d0631a83965a6cfe
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/28382/archive/files/abd8b385fdc186a22ab435c068398404.JPG?Expires=1712793600&Signature=XqN4Xyd58YijzlTMIIXXUfHC7SewtvnILpFWGzTUCqULdiSfbIqwvbhJTR%7ECpF1PfclGNz0WoIJ0SifnPalee1lk5ckC6nIfx%7EicSwXevoy2Aua5Hec68Z-1zMAOJGMYge%7EMVFcEZ0rrOMpHuQIw283IeVQgvmIPhvYtc0S6NsdkPNEqWVZfs5v3NsUzpu8C41AKvsk64XGRqC6hihum3boh6BhKbUVnK855W4QriBc1r8YawBg9Sg-x%7EvBfOt03odD6diNWyIPKTwCzJAGN3r3o5Cngl1%7EWY7%7EH5IHzEikg4hmE2FHcmEPJ9xnbuTQlYmxchjP55rIo%7EXvbaKZVyA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
ca9727dd3edc12856e6ac0fcd493a4af
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/28382/archive/files/97348e9fb2f0d16ad407b6a3dc97f430.JPG?Expires=1712793600&Signature=bFXmk3TYMhwFtVmRJRNvId-11GDpMqY91SKJUGkT8gWHC1u26mbzrmKeqqdfI6sskU6ZuEje4xQRSn4ZRStt5Lnzt8HnOZZLwVbhn6N7A4TGjdSS8gqHeeiMx3q%7ERJL0AdEGdsksk%7EI4oSzrwU7hiwfd6ashlAuoio2BbTYPojx405-tiFnO3PLnAc4ghbi-n8KJClKi4iBI4w-z5VB%7E5mS8X4VKackIAxwbvXIiYrk%7EbTOYe0wb4y1cKgj4DTDsshWdtJjjyCrs8Rb9LRFNu7SivLP9g%7EJJJv6MXpx37LpEzszFz0xpuAT93vaS7GEsUzxShj5vMfEVNhdvPhooig__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
c5e4cbbaab99ca1c6a1f460dc7c4a2e5
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/28382/archive/files/9a551b5f392a997dde0080bed66c0868.JPG?Expires=1712793600&Signature=EC9qVkvOzUGiR-pYAwgOlBcW9b1aVAx51f4%7E4d53H5TsBOF7x0IFxmAQV23ONJk17mHaJmavKWnrtyzhhqPAn5G1wnVEWbP8Aw%7E%7EEVcXzVKpD3UmIL6HyFBuJDoDwI016yL8cNXntnI8-cqyU-oV07mROiNcb-Ys9SxhZ-tpetXyDfgClhkiMN5l5Ns6A9zK79SsQrrFMCA85qdS7UCDdsmd36I5fcQHSQ3GKUO%7E7ztjZo4ri5VYNvrDNVqPtL81N74%7EFzy6NzgyQm-t6q%7ECiR%7EyIjf0JIPt2VFt8V2J7C5Adbb6BSqse32OMEP5yZpNZ%7EaoV%7EPO9rUkLNNrufS0EQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
fd7029445db7d747b6a98c077ef55361
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/28382/archive/files/897892b86cdba3b200d0c7d6a922d09d.JPG?Expires=1712793600&Signature=nDlXZUlpmrSQrZiJXyZnRRn0hvmvt31zSBbmTOmy4nO46dnRbs3G17RJQz8GcpQzpYkd0Zamg3c5wKDo8rNZtLEo-d-JPhL4097Yv4H5NSG7uu%7EJfJfIFDRtXarao4vl2BKnWViYHA2v%7EkkyLG3e-bPxech%7Emm52oosd7QguCQ2y%7EhYUaLy4FHJEaQnFoV52j%7Ehs4AGNB9WLQcUu-M23uweoHExQH5iLMTCPZ32F12-YCAL3nZwoAiBKjUOi7UtTGtmhtP486O8GgBo9HlCKLUnZSmn3KxVpaEu1piHMWoOgrZzN7KF89BibI2WQsUcR6MdzdDjR7Obco-bZXmABhw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
d00fd394dd0c2da93c55fafecfc63e4b
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/28382/archive/files/0740418e698e2e2fb7e59b7bd7fead5b.JPG?Expires=1712793600&Signature=DrxyhSMIuvQ69OXkaRytLJIVALc-IjMqqroWVaXxs8Euhc7KVQXr6263Q0TVI5xAePVHRp9PYBBRWZJcejnvMcrnLhSGYcpGPDyZto1Q52h8Mb7Vgma0mQ6SEAH59ZUSaWEj7tx9EnAbZPR3gpJajhuSdD6ZYUd8a4W34nmF3h6Ei6Y2wVwXeagvq6zXy62Yw6Jt0nK0jxn%7EV4j1h%7Ex7KtYY%7Ea%7EJhXoQUaxIMFvTLSNrvmi-2jqgKI4Dc90zsGIFYa1%7E-O9h9BnMcYxHSk7L4NuLgxME2lUsqVTGBdgifqqDFJUM8uiuaqcWp9V5UFv1Wg%7EJRtPyhnzI0cDV%7ExnZdA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
50f4b8422b82273215c3a267d7b8d1fa
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/28382/archive/files/1bb101e38316e58f3fd504bf4b75e8fa.JPG?Expires=1712793600&Signature=tMRd0Tp-FPKeg1HIkoRSI%7EbSC5C96crf4i2MpUdAXqRLqKqNAuF1x5X9N4ovkPfgzTHErklbVCzG9Ps85sQpGvv8oIw97GY2k%7E96k1pTuZqt1%7E0WQSwEyLF2sHX7QAFkTJ8M%7EtsEit3Gy7EirbQWZ3h7CTR2fjvq4wvgrmZghQQSKEPhq6z5XWAl7BF%7EJKOfrju67znlf1gveikd5cIEhHHxJ-sqsePHT3%7E0HR7qDbuwlZdQtTK53f18qujoe1jy3%7ECo3AvBYzzLqmfyBDaGO%7EMc4gZyHV9e0ctWZAinyNJKEv6NidcS6jAT-0enzwFRclCOo3k4iDCesXah4KxtMg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
14c676570d21f17631b8498988690c7d
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/28382/archive/files/591460c8d814a046cc0d385cb6a13b40.JPG?Expires=1712793600&Signature=uJ40o2XhuYTiSPdMj7EGds30nMc4DEqWiuOy1eiQBkH1THzB7Lsp-aUilG1yAT5ngY8FOArt03YCJmAy-m-%7EsPJmYYKwTNxiUl%7EirGYWNSau6hsFRutgJ7e%7EPbgKyWb58rjP5I6hBGiAInzYT4DaIk4zm1o33UNttw2Vik6ko%7EAn4SPRI8QPDp2lInzLWTYAAK47HwMHbQ%7EbIC%7EM9T-u4UGSIMHRivcAsS7SOGN-aG6biyjGHHSjgy77BZ-94zxSyabRDdqFaojApX8PYT1tN353HtdYcNy73r0h2JugIj3tv2-ykTIzrjEcesuFgoNyLyu1NEs6kWUriDBz99p2VQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
60fa668bbfa5a66629dbced40902983c
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/28382/archive/files/b5d237fa378114d4be3bcb4a9635b291.JPG?Expires=1712793600&Signature=IDlZAuXHRYTJeLV-IdnffkmPqcmaGal93ibg2%7EJtQhysCLQPdG9dgYrfWrRXc--vjeWBMAFD-Q%7EIj4H9bhi5UvwnLrJuGy-k25C9EVcGOWdylk6b82PiOrFRRCFrntLhk1Rw8tNfbHQU5-akeyQwlE0p9bs66NRjrqLoAM22XyFgGWnTaB2hsaOXZLpHqYGhJVaFDtDLLVhei%7EcYxQMFUhe6u3Sn8LFAvRODVNCeSGp-IFCW-GYaRlvzP4mDvVc4viQaYfdSoWRxQhy01gxo1cWheYzXCWiMrRmjEr2s2BoCSLEtu2lpkYoCyhoPX2LYacC1za74%7EAZZ0tKIa90NWg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
4311fd4eebee11d5a0fb155eb6bf7dee
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/28382/archive/files/a8531dea88b7b155c1f582b7a6e2875f.JPG?Expires=1712793600&Signature=LOKIGvtkMfS20Mfarrn4Lqmt2lbz6vKnmu0EHxCNx7yw7yGqrF435jrbwXdJKVL-dFfaFAgx0Qm3x1UOPNBe32eXHxDpV%7EBLG7OZqGEjW-YOt33W509ThS9jwhzk4LrUbYhZhjy4b33pp20y6K8VwbhQAWafezu2hgylFB3SOtxtEr30OtKUzcgTV2wMZOgqi8WjZZ5c4yG1tY-td9J2BEtV0jXFH0OgrhUKC9IQOlAt1f0Prb8vFpl1fCg4I3UITkEv6WrJtefjTfyagsK4Y6O8-dlaNTnKx0%7ECLTHsgXswZCmMsAyBz0k86OmnKOdkpVPhqr%7EG3x2nsiEO-0k93g__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
52bb24625f98d92e93c54d73610d1d6e
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/28382/archive/files/a50e77c4c064ffe681bf676e92951dd2.JPG?Expires=1712793600&Signature=LIhyxbo8dsGK%7EyNkQYpaJU7GFCfEdrjl9b8yW4DTIH8P67o16QK1SZU7pv89ZDdnYls2ZyvLAxfSbQpwN7G5ZairOQIqvU8wLbZjtCQm2qf01LXvNlHi2WS2eKM%7Eu3vZtxOUII9ImO5n8ajLD1AihUj6mkyMm2zta2RfqyUEX-Uti-AhCIGlxU6F%7Ev1ETbYTtdS%7EmiaLyyKvGkYm5eWJcf1oovfAQ6Fs5-e%7Ea7OIIjXx4cLaFdrgZgtVDTI8iqBpbhbl2Xy6u0Xkxu5KSyzs7ZbU%7Ee8Deyj9YH5sST%7E8kFNhlCPKJqqNAM18MEpNgE2vPJa-E40XKrtN5Oa1M5HtIA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
59a5912837857ad91eeee40dbecd174d
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
A.E. Seaman Mineral Museum
Description
An account of the resource
Historic scientific instruments held by the A.E. Seaman Mineral Museum, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA.
Physical Object
Use this field for any solid object.
Physical Dimensions
The actual physical size of the original image
<strong>Measurements:</strong> <br />Outer diameter of vertical circle: 15.25 cm<br />Inner diameter of vertical circle: 11.75 cm<br />Distance between the legs: 13 cm<br />Length of contact bar: 16 cm <br />Horizontal stage (circle): 8.5 cm <br />Overall height: 19.75 cm
History of the Object
The contact goniometer was first invented in 1783 by Arnould Carangeot in order to measure the dihedral angles of a quartz sample. The exterior diameter of Carangeot’s prototype measured seventy-eight millimeters. Carangeot asked an engineer by the name of Nicholas Vincard to build two models of his goniometer; one of silver and the other of copper. Carangeot presented his goniometer to a group of scientists and artists assembled by Pahin de La Blancherie on April 11, 1782. He was the first person to observe the invariability of dihedral angles in different mineral species. In 1874, H.W. Miller developed the first two-circle contact goniometer, and alternate forms of it were designed in later years.
The goniometer was not widely used or produced until 1893 when a man who identified himself as Professor Goldschmidt began mass producing his goniometers. Goldschmidt designed several different types of goniometers, but began mass producing the contact goniometer in Heidelberg, Germany.This particular contact goniometer was manufactured in Heidelberg, Germany. The manufacturing date is unknown. The exact date and how Michigan Technological University acquired this particular goniometer is unknown. It was speculated that it was used to teach the mining students how to use the goniometer to identify various types of minerals. According to the staff at the A. E. Seaman Mineral Museum it is speculated that the Museum acquired the goniometer from the Geology department at Michigan Technological University.
Inscriptions
UW38A106
P.STOE | HEIDELBERG | GERMANY
Brass disc scale 1 to 36 by 10 degree increments
Brass circle scale 0 at the top center marked to 110 on both left and right side by 1 degree increments, marked every 5 alternating in larger and smaller line size.
Museum sticker catalog number DM3899
Materials
<strong>Brass:<br /></strong> Contact Bar <br />Raised Center Disc <br />Both Graduated Circles <br /><br /><strong>Unknown:</strong> Base of Stand
Maker
P.STOE | HEIDELBERG | GERMANY
Location
The location of the interview
A.E. Seaman Mineral Museum
1404 Sharon Ave, Houghton, MI 49931
Museum sticker catalog number DM3899
Bibliography
Carangeot, Arnauld. "Goniometre, ou mesure-angles." Observations sur la physique, sur l'histoire naturelle et sure les arts 22 (1783): 193-97.
Gillispie, Charles C. Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 3. New York, NY: The American Council of Learned Societies, 1971. 61-62.
Spencer, Leanord J. "Goniometer." The Encyclopedia Britannica. 11th ed. Vol. 12. Cambridge, England: The Encyclopedia Britannica Company, 1910. 234-35.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Two-circle Contact Goniometer
Subject
The topic of the resource
Geology, Mineralogy and Crystallography
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Kelvyn Van Laarhoven, Stephanie Peterson, Kathryn Wells, Matthew Champion and Audri Mills
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
c. 1890-1910
Language
A language of the resource
English
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
UW38A106 P.STOE | HEIDELBERG | GERMANY
Description
An account of the resource
<strong>Physical Description:<br /></strong> <br />The two-circle contact goniometer has a tripod brass base painted black. A small brass graduated disc is connected to the center of the base on a pedestal, and the center of this disc is allowed to rotate. A small pedestal is raised from the center of this disc for the placement of the mineral. A second large brass graduated circle runs perpendicular to the disc so that it arches over the disc and is connected to the tripod base on either end. A brass contact bar runs perpendicular to the large circle. One end of the contact bar sticks above the circle and has a knob, while the other end of the contact bar is near the center of the circle and bears a flat edge. A contact bar is bolted to a brass piece that surrounds the circle, leaving the graduated side visible.
<strong><br />Functional Description:<br /></strong>
<p dir="ltr"><span>To set up the two-circle contact goniometer, a crystal is placed on the specimen holder such that one crystal face is parallel to the graduated disk (also called the stage). The crystal face that is fixed to the specimen holder is selected based on the axis of a prominent zone. All measurements are taken in relation to this zone. Next, the contact bar is then positioned such that its end is parallel to and in contact with a second crystal face. The goniometer is used to find an intersection point between pairs of crystal faces. An intersection point can be visualized as a point which connects two perpendicular lines drawn from the two crystal faces. The intersection point is written as coordinates: one measured on the stage and one on the vertical circle. The stage has a range from 0 to 360 degrees. The vertical circle measures from 0 to 110 degrees. The coordinates can also be thought of as a polar distance and azimuth which are then plotted on a projection. Once all the intersection points have been determined and plotted, trigonometry is used to calculate the interfacial angles and indices. </span></p>
<div><span> </span></div>
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Physical Object
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
United States Of America, Germany
-
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/28382/archive/files/dcafaf0fde95229f87c2548c9d5d497b.JPG?Expires=1712793600&Signature=fdYuO-zWTnURxoZoolneBTrZsPfs4SrIstay3MbyEsSL80sTu5JzxdKGbnc9f9KDM5BHQHjPry6oRzHByEPGevTAk5kIp3PL6EZ%7EkVFDEw9Og5yslRgwh7Vm-gQyV657qzCsTj8qitLCBgH9KYy20s7SNpKSam7NBijnlzo7wimk8uoh048A8Jq-18y6xLlU4grjzb5Titn-yR2OVyZLkPQ3qbCCBweFrHo6elU30IhW3foYZul4Q82PKB3FIGc5LqXmFe0ZCA%7EpWc7wFzwMDb0MYJe-zzTiKC3Hi5RL6LHUJp5bJgPi6bVHW2-3-cp1PmblADvT0DqTF5B4W6W0SQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
4d4800c18bf1d2b194e20f9c5a5ec4e5
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/28382/archive/files/dd8634583188395e9a87175a5fb6c380.JPG?Expires=1712793600&Signature=Nakl%7E5B3KRk0PZKJnFqq6PcAWj0JYWeb9U-%7E2LY-McnvLwRr7jbe0Y1mzDNv5fH5fZIqQVlKCHn%7E427txad8gE%7EwyD%7E6MFzaDluHlz2%7EReQ33rVzhSnGd1pU2TIXJV96W0feGnep3wqT94DG-v2RioYdQ9g7i6IBjmR6xVW-EL6%7EXuZj0qePYs1HLu-si1JEkoSK9RLaMwsQPIoiwOvW-HdIuZoJxgOTEE4ESLGgW9YKeZ%7EgqQilKv7i8w4yRPF1LVy5j8en1vgppeWKdTbpoouXGgeIiGqyIEF%7EbgNExj42VMJw7rocR-3%7ECH7d9eGd4ohwqvm-GPYZdeMVupeLSA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
7dfd899c7bfe7c647cdce85e3d950c3a
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/28382/archive/files/7df555f4b39efc20c657992014177a42.JPG?Expires=1712793600&Signature=uK%7EXm-TZ06iCPUx4KoQOhIRWS1D0D7klJQmOtDdweoGIy-8uZccv9likUXFIBKJIgKTfV27zYXeyacXTQcIQAsS3CVtAT47jDw6%7E5Ugn5aovuxvLXJ6-Uxc%7E6DuTpZQisxWD1T0sdELLm-Fe%7EUHjrR0-tvL9l26jP6q%7EvZiT5VqD95aSnk7m9RpovpLzORI3Q0lCm1SagQ22ieSBTYSaxWeSOieJL5v2fHETbClhBXfNjUWeIe7%7ELM6YgKGT-NBjQBpc51dJn%7ElIM7RlGIZWLzkR1dHHCcCDX4kvp3ibBaHqXjc1QpR%7EW7gYlPo7eDEj1v8iJWGUHdwWr3spez7o8g__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
cc7133ffd031d5efef52b92de73be014
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/28382/archive/files/aad417f44c4e978e12b2a37f51dff01e.JPG?Expires=1712793600&Signature=F9A98RHFdst9PvBrGQbkodq5ox1%7EcdkCDrS7Isl726wopZbBgklvrzwsgUVCp28H8d96wxqhnMh1MU7CM1PLDBWBz2aQo9ZVImR06wwBnS6ObFUfKScPJd8o3KAGk4OLAZ9ipVQYZ-QRa7vKIfPo9PZqJpG-wHw3LDqnqwe2sMIqeIYuW9xfu5bJAr2Yy2EulUg%7EJQ56%7EAxCa0nOUefUNK2fuCKNm41WuyX7GGifpAolt6PP0r5bjzTzK6AnDU1kRBeapfGJm2WZjjTKhnCH1xau8YQIRXVzw1Lg1MwziqhjG06geKaj%7E0XDdyJdjRLTBMzTiPpNmvz5IviaFWHj%7Ew__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
09494245aa65ab01f6a6659fc194fe88
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/28382/archive/files/7b6dc7acf9bf1d202535d523f5f3c5bf.JPG?Expires=1712793600&Signature=OJ-r3X68pWfm8CADquD2dCbpwyvs7z1sc%7E8eTmD3tM0KEnYh3O%7E%7EDZg1CI-5bvxebCcM0AI5oDCR4AIi0SEAqDtrAQNOTDtOx4O13Xf5oFJGQ8bXknYbtq62O4n0aRSqXeCCre2m-UFsQe45t-zWmF2VKWkmPHdl2EXs2cQr-23ykKnbiGKenNjFOCrjv0rS4Ga-jicZng8huc942ogQAyqi6I2kbAsUgBfkS5lVIX%7EK45QXegkQV3wrB0PjVBgN10QCV1KfBunkeQq8wVMefgEGFwS7HP%7EyZDU7nMdp31ueeIUnsta1lvOK2r4OZNqkNeWun8sEypv-Zfl8tWhAQA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
a6044c1614e761bf8cd184c210ab97ee
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/28382/archive/files/08c0c54ea9e954dd0bf04002d908a4eb.JPG?Expires=1712793600&Signature=LNaOASC6aOOQ1XSl-IUcOtGMP%7EsrwlKedFm9tgEK-6%7ErNRQ1EL3a8%7Ehdc3l3QVGKVO5EIMVzxwhjMNIN6BlAL8EfoE3JraPBSrnPXjBkSwKlEa9-UFPGU56K6Wcrvr3514INRgjZHBVDElbYDe7wtDoIhiOLLFqZywzrfyrcSjqo2KLu5A%7EYLSl5RyCzso8%7ErCeL187Mr3wCVKkqsMcqkaTD6Se%7ExWHHC0HKwzBOYGnenZcTZdwLx3awXv5XX-9nYGr0yOpR8A4EgM7cWWmhJMd5zfa0we838cbVvfPWntPrT-CG08ooeCHfatOzLSv11SgDtmA2SD%7EwJt7VFgMp0w__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
1e77d0714d30b3db4206ba17940d6993
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/28382/archive/files/fcebe25fa4ab65d3bf8fc34b4f5de345.JPG?Expires=1712793600&Signature=prGlXb1skibIFlCpUPEs6k9nuNYvb7nxfqBlxSYK9oJ--NvrYDrg%7EF5cT0XSPxaSKq5fhyH7LcBxVosj9RqY0gWsvDFy5ZkSgm2qjH-0Znya2zl7AvudnSAh54jFr2-FICCGHOjsNxBATpVtRSmGZYdpdsNjIl0VIReggvxUYSULxHBXxvxOWkYarmm1TwQ2Fsp3sJPPK8WgjRXiq%7EVneTJlh1ENL%7EGn0sNgvYWcjKKng7nKCPKX2brEa--0E2JnFR4jNIZMA9YVuRA-5uHXNYIHEhk48jHDyL1nleVid4aQYEML%7EQtYCnG65s6iNRapDwkbXzHBZQgL%7Ee8etneaOA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
af21c7015e6ed2b06594eb52a3decae9
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/28382/archive/files/c2b2ec28404b048037682a6ab033c2c4.JPG?Expires=1712793600&Signature=exeHg4eELU%7EtlEpnijWUxxJioNFNXE3qwKdxTRfSAvZ%7EW%7E%7EolsiKfR6ndthEQd6oxtSDB7deI4nuyhPLaPv%7Ec3EhfguErYc5mwBEiAI9eAUzh7GvE83-vjQv14Lpa1XmrsDnVQ8mSKLugZViBzBPEGz9Dua%7EHimyHxgWMPkVRz8fHN9s7ioy4GFP4DvckQP0C97glJZI2PW4ewUcCzzczciitmMutQIas%7EymdqRZXNZjoFgwcGtpnzTNvuK2WwHYygRWeYezgsbT5twjEGxg44JcXFsjSWzGSymAJIGU-ggf6TDOD-0gGzR-WCiGykZ6QftzJk230U0mzV8ftIkQFA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
439a165de36ddfd91dd24a52f5f808d8
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/28382/archive/files/3286223b07dd115be51d56ae7a7f2558.JPG?Expires=1712793600&Signature=hFzhY014i1nYskA5%7Ej4d0x2v1UPvfNpAz7gKN8IJdqFOZdu4fGKqs3EJGZXfu8QfBhEdzZc-W1AuCZL-xGj3MtVMmp7b6tyeuTNRxOXZJW1Qk4sveT7lH6bIyeoKsDe1-iR3BB6wZwsUmF5sMLlN0DqquXlHXi12ccxstfAPTodNrE-U1djJMB8lWTA8FVAfEuUUwazEXLU-gx3ZtwHxJsiZhHwDWIh8zPLOALNNQu%7EeBCvSnkQAR95fzm0ei2jXK4oa%7EkWwg65lU430rnaLjOsBqjeFeXAJdRL85W9rkrH08lSZTs1CDiQI9m0xsZ8rNkgOa1twVNAlT3XtdskRsQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
92f9da5039fb800020cf1db27b0e9d93
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/28382/archive/files/384023e35c38072b2d021463651273f5.JPG?Expires=1712793600&Signature=J1n9rlFToRhip2L%7E%7ERzceA0RJm4PF-CIq2Famp9RdK%7E7J5buO1MFnMGiS6KmxYJZkgnwVntuDuzIWbx6HGe0oDKG3i6g3Kicg52P5GASr7LmgcO7op0MpfWDG18NP-uOBMYbQhCCkyKaOleo-pAr0KgB%7Eucfn7nspKLwK4vGiea1mGmyW4TQxvVocM6cuWnnuj5JpmqUBx8Wt%7EZ3y1m8mMYcdB-ptpvfO76sal5I6FnQEJSYwSsHPkIv8qLzYTQCWEJ6rXN2mbUFFCVsj5QMd7Ni23P2zgqgxxKsagnPU0J2DgJ-7os7Hk0Ks2lq4VAlFbAOaBaEwcAGw0jSi5hE6w__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
64ce05c879edbf5a938d4a2589d0767b
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/28382/archive/files/33f7f549c2630d61c190f711877299cd.JPG?Expires=1712793600&Signature=jD3Hmqb7Ky-xgeRWMFICiejkiXXcKXumS73SQYKUvoqmL1W2sGZu5EMn3wA9jrTivMsnuzBcqRuvwkJzF3rR-IfESdZ62LcHh08CyQvOhxjGqEouVCe6%7EiuNumXthtlC34L8ExpwoMVsmFfSSg%7EL39TfGryxZ0fpeb9IPmFWXQCuXsWVhsykG1AScQXPZw8UQ7rWuoz6rnPszcTQHKve1bdbpjl3u-lOgP8dsRIHyPDA542xrKL7NLvBCKxn9fxvy%7EIoPuLM9CgPoOHSf5id3rS4mp5FZN54Elm38b5gGgHCJFOslIzvmC2eWaAxZoqIiLseiymmmC47%7E6Mj6cmcqg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
3693922e6528b292faac21972c4d9945
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/28382/archive/files/4ce141f9f58f10b547b92b41eb565481.JPG?Expires=1712793600&Signature=GIfNveO1l303Ywn00urqdaqvhMAflM2JtFd6TxviOql%7E0od2U3l6tF2SSQOKyQmx1nXt99ZWLtiNh9EtvFVTeIX9rdANNGTFL6%7EfoRCejFTKSd1kVCOZc7v-lcbeszAuVtXxWB-m2viypTNU86S0lRur-8T3-ViQPyjFKHe6y89X5F5OSsQVVEYBZEIJcsHqOaDhKO7uR5XpOijUZNaq48grBoInO1FwSdGVdVBbecBlvzJ70ZhnkfwMp1k5g3SVyjjmoQyKezdlvT9kxTQMU6e1ilsMn2R5iO5zbC4frhGLy09aR7wI5wRKpRiO5PelXB2osAkQ3jEaoyiugOb6oQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
1be8014dd47c0953a5df0cb8417499aa
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/28382/archive/files/1a6f2734fddeb3fd8517fbc57e5512c5.JPG?Expires=1712793600&Signature=b93SXauw18QDVEQ2WYHtmUK3o5S5uDER5es6RQmqCzDtW5WxVjxaBaFKCF4vKhIWmb7SnqHMA7-QA5AxD3M58LVLmGeGu0QI4McNmw3Rm1MCnncvQ%7E-cx8CvyL-t-LnoIWP4EDufPXHQOfGXWjRkgWHaBOTMBYd21AyKejoPgJkXZqLOXTSv%7EDemNpWxeuyqh61Mty9WtzKxZ2Y5orOJEtmZOPaiwXLH7vmVbCb3lJACufDHHGjLOimt40Ahbn02uoo2h5Mh08IuEMhJ5-w5QDF7%7Er%7ErVz0RyTaUonnVQfJlEHAknPuXXPxVEbNENMG8DKM4GVKW3OHBycAphls6WQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
3017d494b0983a55ab215e74a0e7ffd0
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/28382/archive/files/b6f86556a7dd464d44c95bd128ac61bf.JPG?Expires=1712793600&Signature=E8biWhwDVz7Lihk5ZmBAL88%7EBoLjJezLQprIulBY%7EiwGWSoVHtvUYwT4xsQ7n9LAlOydRl2xFy%7ENXCVahhqx8EebBdFwR5WgCgvus7QNn-8yfW1rGfsvPVnzdpvLuY8jcuPQSHm0P75CpuGUwyRKe81LMrZqcTIUCTdXQyKnbhAbe-Ayp2IW%7E7ENGs9aFyaiOTh8uYu1ErXP4N-lCU6R6-iau0eqigHWEew9HeQhxvmwrXuDAt1ihQ0YAuft9urhMQPUrxkE0-dEnqgB0DJVOPtDiP9B0C%7EcQujSstyTRWnPSmklMypW4A88N1ikR%7ExAx-YcBijeUVBwilbuO4ETOg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
b5032bdb32c69d01f766a67bb5e63e02
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/28382/archive/files/8c7faa3c2e4aba9519ce9514ea8d620f.JPG?Expires=1712793600&Signature=ZeJklttlmP1ybnNz2gSkjRciGreNde4HcpcpAa9njDUD44ngKH7iR7FKepqP1k93vGSrU%7Ew2kAUTENTB9%7ESw0EMlXMnJq%7EE7UMA0ltFlfZOTH2rAPjPeDaDDbAoo08kN4tQbY3%7Ery4q7EoMJ3bb90X4-J6TuWqF32%7EGNauHsM%7E7WqV0IVu6nv24gFUgkr%7EX0mKq2P01sctbEnjPEVxcbHuTmMP5qgRnyvMRe0HFhgFu8YVj75LdelEzhEKgylnu9UNYkOqSmKWaKYWV%7EJgjCQjfJqX40Vp9po19wmlOETAzpSymJBjGnSSgzIWJIDsrGHWKMgIxRYQVGPVnyG6e9jw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
9b51ee27b39203b5811ae8c7041cb458
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/28382/archive/files/8806e82f430521d639ccd8c9e1116036.JPG?Expires=1712793600&Signature=T1AAokJWnmu4xfavBA3U08ef77LUOSnDYtDNQW0HcpI6uv%7EHR68bSI1UQT8nCyoT76uQhAWP2Y4DqgnbZ4T7NcfxU%7EJegL9TrYan2nRgVLC-V5PyW9kclECPidX-RkjsDHvRE3UF8kGrE4OIRy4k-i%7EWbDA2YhDvqUPoOcwnALT0yaKJjBsDuc-xwum3znPOI6uKHdr8mtCB3VgUQzM0jwQ492UaTlBBU2LOmXTfdTMukPt1QVtliIlFL347dl7fw04DycPmN7TcWYf92lcREX0O7d6O-bQCQN0cwD36eaCcEhy9Oyftlz9e2nfjPwtBhi7lelf%7ErxLyaelbC54fRg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
72121e639f38643775adcae961ea198e
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/28382/archive/files/8417d212d591ec9141888a635e4a124d.JPG?Expires=1712793600&Signature=McEn2xlw%7Ef9EqnvUbSRZBaKItyzAv%7ECrP-xd%7EfEtzuajYMuUyJ%7ED74XAM8GJ-Krs8NdEcbz77ASlgHqFq-Ei7seR1PjgCINnv7ZlVSQ6AfLTLDd59Ye59cgjlojLGov6QPwW89WUYXcRJtXvxqSbxLHuOPjvHui8wlTPIvJLNMg6pHCBbKGC0dS79hRvAttApqQsT1542PEgtjwJkxOXbqjzKyVJJd2MhRuKH0BJ9LkBHrHg1fp7HVoJUgFUov5WViOLiENlnq42LhYg7JFLl4aF%7E8M1G5sarkPtVkgsU0IizniJKuQo9Ps%7EEEZ6c34FITf8Cvez30fW2Kxomh-klA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
53fbdaddac844a8b5b9e1d0d8fca6255
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/28382/archive/files/ba3952e0952db8ff891746cdd03a2d0a.JPG?Expires=1712793600&Signature=f5nko68DX4RfUQmpX8X2xRPs5EMs4BHhHCWF5GGL-rN-kr6%7EM8xOq9TDrRP6PPt2AS-a5EymV86N5eDYkAUuTCw5uTqPScXB%7EBuwifXE8Zg1I2QlBE0LiMJMlY-fTx77pFfo5lpWq-pHPAhX2Xpzna%7EgFwh9G2GhF-CzmwSeEjszHlFMdK5RZJ6Wdo1CnohmKMjWaD6wpbsDMLraeM53VZmMw9fFZwqshdNq75dTVGHZYXyP-JZCtmHlYMZ4TdREAHyT4lQ2UT5KaKkE2YqjOJhIug48JuXSmUrAee1NKlPqLUTfyKshdDKj16zB%7Ena%7EhaZX3XZ-Mzz5zL6FRkP7qA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
76fbf176d7814214142aa948b64264a9
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/28382/archive/files/a697f305bc187ee8e1313874ad091f82.JPG?Expires=1712793600&Signature=gER17AR1njV-rfs6H1whAqh0tcleMufuyhQIRUfdeI56c-B-T3uK8pyLQ9DMPBB4jn2QnEk1LYawOisHEuEu38qxpZeV24HFrNYSNj3J6YnlOzABIYST%7EL9wEZ%7ECfk4SS7n6t8SZnh-DtetxG6eOs58cgZ79OpJWTJCZWAW6w5PLqKOsDbCiKotYNy1KALktZM5bGkFW2W59WCTAR0pKHjnl-EUAUxUt47bBYtXKzF1LiiRJBJAwdVkY9NBad%7EKUwwPq5Q4xKT21yYSyjS4mTuzEsEijG7WwCgzi0wXn%7EV09ulL2TqQOcb%7EvHOE1mDSwR9uVJAcoZZTo6v0qne%7EN1w__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
db73b4765028bb165a874659da186e93
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/28382/archive/files/03d64b0543e6fa759800320b895ba4c5.JPG?Expires=1712793600&Signature=b2ppDNm3grVW1y6ZZ4RmcN32A0BS4iwBPAnyB8yBM-UTcdZsEfRmfLwN84DOwzawblhetD9jIy3cyd29Epc6hq8bpbn3btJSoEOLj7WJs3ud8kOcuszryRA5alXDkWW9mdUr9xsrpPjFjqnXTFN0KUefzAL9I2lAbF2NkQdfOD0vUhvnz2NhElI4OIZFVOKwGEEQOz9%7ErUSfUS%7E2ePWXa04XJU8MkkGxdzHhhArtKwZ4098hd4gFeHS1C9Ix%7ED1BCl1uoSqM0VoEke1iykR0R6dspppYD86p6tRaLw9PZIw4l7tMtWKMR-SJvkBDOGEEgSiyulUg7NVjQ2uWQMvDYQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
d264e111d139893371c5014a0b528992
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Chemistry
Description
An account of the resource
Historic scientific instruments held by the Department of Chemistry, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA.
Physical Object
Use this field for any solid object.
Physical Dimensions
The actual physical size of the original image
1.82 m length x 1.07 m width x 0.6 m height
Materials
Steel, Glass, and Plastic
Inscriptions
Inscriptions:
Watt meter from 0 to 10, “WATTS” dial from “OFF” to -3 | “210 POWER METER“ “ZERO” dial | COHERENT RADIATION
Main:
”Property of Michigan Technological University | 73645”
“JOBIN | YVON | DIVISION d’INSTRUMENTS S.A. | U 1000”
“Photomultiplier Tube House | PRODUCTS FOR RESEARCH, INC. | MADE IN U.S.A”
“PHOTOMULTIPLIER | TUBE SOCKET | PRODUCTS FOR RESEARCH, INC | DANVERS MASS”
Top:
“MACRO | SPECTRA | IMAGE” “SPECTRE | IMAGE | MONOCANAL”
“Reset", Δcm-1 Raman, cm
Location
The location of the interview
Chemical Sciences and Engineering Building, Room 712
History of the Object
Development of the Raman Spectrophotometer started with the conceptualization of light as both a wave and particle. Experimental results that arose from this theory were then collected and analyzed in conjecture with the demonstration that electromagnetic radiation can be scattered. The Raman Effect is the inelastic scattering of light that causes a change within the principle wavelength and thus the emitted color. While the theory was predicted some time before, experimental evidence did not exist until 1928 when C.V. Raman and K.S. Krishnan constructed the machine (Lenain 2009). One of the first experiments conducted with Raman Spectrophotometers was the passing of sunlight through a green filter and subsequently a solution of chloroform, which produced a yellow emission (Lenain 2009). Since the sample was only exposed to light, Raman analysis had the benefit of preserving samples for future use. Initially, the light source used by Raman machines was a mercury arc, but was later switched to a gas discharge lamp (Raman 2017). While a Raman spectrophotometer provides details about the polarizing nature of a molecule, it was undermined by the invention of IR spectrophotometry. Only after the invention of lasers in 1960 did research with the Raman spectrophotometer reemerge as an important tool for structural analysis (Nanophoton 2005). Later improvements of the Raman spectrophotometer included the production of better filters, lasers, and detectors (Lenain 2009).
Bibliography
Arter, E. (2010, April 21). The University of Sydney - Vibrational Spectroscopy Facility. Retrieved March 19, 2017, from http://sydney.edu.au/science/chemistry/spectroscopy/instrumentation/jobin_yvon_u1000_raman.shtml
Horiba Jobin Yvon-Raman Division. T64000 and U1000. Retrieved March 22, 2017, from
http://www.horiba.com/fileadmin/uploads/Scientific/Documents/Raman/HSC-T64000_U1000-2013-V1.pdf
Lenain, Bruno. “Micro-Reactors and Micro-Analtical.” 2009, PowerPoint file,<http://depts.washington.edu/cpac/Activities/Meetings/Satellite/2009/Tuesday/Lenain%20cpac09.pdf>.
Nanophoton. "History of Raman Spectroscopy | Nanophoton." History of Raman Spectroscopy | Nanophoton. N.p., 2005. Web. 03 Mar. 2017, <https://www.sas.upenn.edu/~crulli/HistoricalPerspective.html>.
Maker
Jobin Yvon
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Raman Spectrometer
Subject
The topic of the resource
Chemistry, Spectroscopy
Description
An account of the resource
Functional: The Raman Spectrometer was and is used to measure stretching of bonds by measuring the inelastic scattering of light, which are output in lines of light also known as excitation lines, for the sample being collected. To test a sample the experimenter would place a glass capillary tube with a sample of the material being detected on the sampling apparatus, which is a black pedestal surrounded by concave mirrors, or under the microscope. The mirrors found around the apparatus will reflect light back at the sample from different angles so as to get the best reading of raman by testing the sample from all angles. Another way to test the sample would be to place the sample under the microscope, which is found to the left of the black pedestal when viewed from the front, on a glass plate. The microscope then scans the energy lines using its own scanning mirrors to measure the sample from all sides. The microscope is best utilized when something is under high temperatures and pressures (Hariba). Next the laser must be set to the right intensity and frequency, which can be determined by the ampere meter and the power meter, depending on the sample. “Samples are excited using either an argon ion laser or krypton ion laser which provide a multitude of excitation lines”(University of Sydney). This allows for accurate measurement of the vibrations of the sample. The laser is initiated by the user and once turned on will shine through a series of mirrors ,located around the base of the machine, and lenses, which are maneuverable and set by the operator to concentrate the light to one intensity before it hits the sample, which can also be moved up and down using the black knob attached to the apparatus. The concave mirrors will reflect the laser back towards the sample and then the shift in wavelength is then observed for the sample by a detector, in this case a photomultiplier, that measures the intensity of light leaving the sample. The photomultiplier provides analysis of the sample around the range of 1.5 um. The machine will also output a numerical value for the change in Raman on the top of the machine. The experimenter then reads this information given a graphical representation of the shift in wavelength.
Physical: The Raman Spectrometer consists of a large rectangular center module made of sheet metal. Surrounding this main piece are various instruments and dials. The whole system is set up on a table; on the back side of the center structure there is a laser emitter which is the longest object on the table, extending the entire length (1820 mm). The laser is sent through a series of lenses and mirrors that wrap around to the front of the system and shine into the sampling apparatus. The sampling apparatus is a stage in a square box with concave mirrors located on three out of the four faces with the other face allowing the laser light in. To the right of the sampling apparatus is a microscope that is used similarly to the sample apparatus. On top of the main housing, from left to right, there is a power meter in the front, in the middle back there is a meter measuring cm and change in centimeters, and on the far right there is a small digital display. The on/off switch is located on the right face of the machine behind the microscope.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Emily Lilla, Patrick Kidwell, Jacob Walcott, Kennedy Oparka, and Kelsey Bland
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1928: Invented
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
C.V Raman & K.S. Krishnan
Relation
A related resource
Similar to IR Spectrophotometers
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
Physical Object
Language
A language of the resource
English
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
U 1000
-
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/28382/archive/files/0b81c01d2be3f0637a53064d10de5093.JPG?Expires=1712793600&Signature=RMAbmShd2NFaNlS5GizJd5focV7MGBMtK6rjbnT5rYHM6GuyXbrvfMwABeU3JARc35uc4TexysIQfSX-D1ha2UWD1oEsRZAbXndfBhqPZXMWj7TlyI3RIwTMraEllYyjWtQ4mcmzglV%7ETvL5lAA6VEPvv3QkcBZPP8Ey4-haJH1udEsdjJCKmD-vNEldXWQQ6fqGDA2fid-ubvnGJSOOkTCC%7EsmBVDMt5S%7ELvleHBnIVPLOs9uLKsFR5eKTSE%7Ev1XemSFB1X8jVv0BayXsHW-E-lRPXKlyNkOW5rvy3oH-awKhf3YdE4ACumfBYnQEm2%7EmKSXRr5gXWn9yW-OoAgZg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
264c96f2eb55fbdc645582bd4acfbc4b
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/28382/archive/files/23742f4c9a0b461dead0aa26ee597dee.JPG?Expires=1712793600&Signature=bO%7EYdOpy%7Ek0N2oHK5qO-vgGK2Hkz5%7EfX2PmvAFitsKawemmk4rMaT8Z%7ETHAVEpxPrhXDnjBwd63GBujo%7EPfKMcy62x0Lfpqvn0qqzGcezSolIqDbO1-3CwZ3gUTc7OlXJ2H7bsdXmK0M5AolDcNrVuhLLEKkRPhARwNk4C5iVBnmFeBdssrn4VH8e54kcedmG4vYdyYaEo1qyVDvlbIZYuXupEJRB9b1vbS-uEGZUh-JVEfpBEebKbugxwfzeIHEMHYl7pRmCifJtCUz%7EFkxH4agIMr7EiygHn7kuDzCsXN7LusDvP1aXfGUERi75xFaYIgjutbu6WitfmDUd4tJ7Q__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
f1cd3ab3020ae30a4c6254755269fb29
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/28382/archive/files/084ad85a40909b54b7bc59831ee3b9dd.JPG?Expires=1712793600&Signature=neJw5qn8co6m87GfWvId5ZMr4sKji2oqRUK-gtrFs-KelplJo42sYr6r6Efd93%7EcwcxLG2c1m57s0cxHiFeZ2gHoQKaMBKJLEF7ntOmTs4UaARbe%7EDE7EOJCTfW-XG2sjURhOViWBJ1uUqGCo-StowoZTnUnkmqW04EqsV3YeB4LrsAZzZwbhIko7y6IbyGeqUXgaxCKRMAA6cJWWVbr2XYvtAz6Ks3gTH8T%7ErO406NO7s-Ct0v6gqo0koFV%7EXbw%7EhSC182qkZv%7EcZ0N04alshQ%7Ejw6UWRteA7d68265CMGJayx5pWgh1WVBqG3uD2pNcPjJkDkmCik9SkVdRIMNww__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
a4595d08ba972624037f625d25dfa746
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/28382/archive/files/a3f50d908a91606cd589936d4413a3de.JPG?Expires=1712793600&Signature=AVmKrBKuNdHaZDBV1e2OG3AbBYrlGGgYzJefzwJlW4UBML495CC1h5JaxzyKMF15nLSSYpSz4AgOwDHFwSb3fMQe9SEQjDheK8gINqJcL8gZlc9NpHrm7jKRipArTwC6u8I-VsamtSPdi7v70mN-Li4FJLgV948F55qwGm-yeBYqcL4ceLzA2Alw-cFjWwrikS-N4fAMe-7v9hRWBPDn38Oc4hXL8Kr9BBjEaHOC8WxoaNoHfw3CWHbpBB4D-lFPPFNIIBjQeYkJT8IZ95sQdaFc4gLbfefolqNEx7LJCVIkle9Ld7Q-Ua-B4j7GIardMEmVuEnPRhWrtmYu23%7EmzQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
2bed0d564499f8f190561cfcb57502d3
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/28382/archive/files/9a3a1460f9a89126b220821ec7598a1f.JPG?Expires=1712793600&Signature=OmEnzEzPHRaoO3EIXhachxUplh9I44uJlKtGm1BdgA9wL-7WMy7lh4rvSJXBfwCzXdt43SNbo-MBtPQPkHW4%7EaK5czgwJeZN6JMLMJmam3TOYkcZXW1VhOsmCB6ghQEX-9WVzRPMANWsbfvWaZ%7EoX7oqL748btajWj8Y7k%7Ec02cdRk7aTatVJKrOKBmsrU3RdccBAY9E9%7EKstMqOy9DDkHsmpNIUi7Flh7H2a10nTmKjkKqf3bL%7EjbUEXjDqpP2RJ-eeF1CFep5EeKt5kvuTt6lXVikRLnoklD9lwI2pzW32mWLh4LYa-Xxqo-CskVGmXZjuCgYyEb8gSCAHj2DJxw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
f0e7648a39c76186e6603d166eeae896
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/28382/archive/files/4636477f330c3efa2284d2462a23db71.JPG?Expires=1712793600&Signature=Klu9qfrYckLZ-AdU49Mm9wrjuToKZ0N7poJrS7pYQpRxF6ORM-LpUj8l4%7EsqXZXSUrDynB2HGRiIgxWBurT4BYkLJIcbh4oWsTaUINveX7U2xK-pCplET1Cz27yv%7E%7EkasCPRMTB3KlctwZ85VN6RyLUF4Q3ppYGWbZP4irKOJgUCPqh2UxrZOeSX1M56aQk3XaITAoMYM5ky%7El2zS%7EhUw7j942Ly-sHzLIxJFr7bJIDNhIJef8kOYj1hNXYH8iKm1LmG11Sautjqz-tUQvgfpj2-Lg9AWJYtqaX77UhJPvN1MfnLsJFVy7hImcMhdZgGTjnQGZSeh6sgnKdaO0vz5A__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
237e2a99ae19957099f1fa3c567ce254
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/28382/archive/files/3c0ac3c8d68da60600312d9c5fb18961.JPG?Expires=1712793600&Signature=S4w3d82urUpcEJEMeqxBCCWmZnNbNjBhULdZiU2AIM2kss20Q6ynk2IzW6FbF6fKC3f8JD7kEW9WpJoNolz%7E99jhBxEogFmXU29Ebg2Zxl5CaXRxD9FNJ%7ERcVk79Xd8ztqBBey1idnmX7b7trGefNixhtoKg7V1J2GfSzetwrOma%7EWahENLUtto5aS%7Ez2YUXsMUF2RsQXcL0JrpcvrOtyUah7hQVONv9mC0oD2nbi6eMl3etjWf43CbYHuN2CrCvCw7WwP0vifuav2UAlRtRjQA7EvAfQ7WYyWaDaPWFdlCFr-UTZGgeu6vtcP2wT2jsV%7EO97Ha9rRKh7MQii3q60A__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
c6af6ff6c48b05d634d34dd38a0fe76e
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/28382/archive/files/5363f3bcd1650f1986a3068d84fbdee7.JPG?Expires=1712793600&Signature=nU0IjhjubKhuV4FDOjNx%7E%7EpjWPcxdiRg4pp6v3-NXKBpvQpy6E-4s3LecCQTN5WXfu38iAsl0xSWLO0apdnbUiHMCgTBMC8ZZzotuVAP60OAjCIPIRvYDYwpgwWa2ZHBzetMRyRPlin4HRNxFAq4HvcoSu1KKAd4DIusO1B1eXZPYgDzAzM0V8Fud%7EoGzjGGMjcQ2ioDytayyr6ix5pvQmemslYnzVyQYzgoSv7QjsrIe5d4ezJEIXc2IHVi%7EfpOOv8aHLCcwtvhSJCFp-8zmdjCLjJipt8JDJHqabACiiGcIvjzWvQRYK4g2zYNpI7byT94YoFoNRK8hDmB6uezvw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
3aa831dc084a86935538d23a6ba4ea6b
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/28382/archive/files/eba25745c4fdc82225806d858a72d065.JPG?Expires=1712793600&Signature=psUejrQZE4jyFgQvWeGUggI5magy0F2odTd%7EIJElOhTyufcQKaaL2nOfbCOqoL2s32A3tv5tAlYK6LnwwZuQLlCiRMDlQjH6nDn2dmVWucWRIYvQ1qlGBJyCn9nVDLfgi44UZiZQmkfOhQNlJTvlneYae%7Ex3wPP4swV0fwa8NnD9DPEtn%7E49Gg6KGQuFs0TR0SuHasgrMPBkqOTEZ8qfq2qFPBiJHIzumgNkEAh4EHLZy6VvmXEQO928ev01fPIHt6GggSvhXgNPm8cf0rDOcdoH8xrtwq412wBFL%7EKnvs1ihhHPMsfMFTDiMTfcb5D-kXQibs3tWZI4lwD3OBKwjA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
51cf2c6252de7d5de1ff227bea5af74c
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/28382/archive/files/2a474076ec5570e952189d6a3f8a03d4.JPG?Expires=1712793600&Signature=hZr-i8w9LtDb%7EelOjJTly-S66uLXGgDA7qZrbZ2WKWuXYMhpBq9eLigrxL-hB6Jd1si6JiL0llkqhRC5sjSSoQZMTSUKWd6lGtABOYTZTfgdrZSrA0tkwrkCuManin25DkvLKgxCj1Do2CEAHc7jZEbj2%7EeKCTCToiImpQ2djmYPWqE8sr9H5RdnU4AVZ360kBniqTquILKbkylpnY-4mRV3QbU2iojCjeZ9cTUSGIm-SJ3JM5yqMBmxdg9c6c1GjcW3F8weQzfec0ISsTVKfMGhl1AAQXZnwZgPE2YB5ZVEdOsZtenPFatBQP8mhl7SovNooq7RTpfVo3btHPb6GQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
f26af7b0fac2a32b69e241b6f5336c7d
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/28382/archive/files/b3422bf3ef51937d24aa02f6dcf2c6e6.JPG?Expires=1712793600&Signature=khJwvYu505mllllCRGBk-NQ8V-3UM4VVSlBKTibdXUt8DkLE4LVAHHQfHdI5oNwr2nSJ84Su8Y6pOFEjFOhsGt-vs4t0vm2z37ooHJVN4gXuTQY2pQAr5GWUXzJKvLoxHicEKIHPJEhWwchyaz41fy4uaIzyw3M6kC62ag390V%7Ek1B9MtZc0h5zcErIacZZ9k1SD83jNvDzxRmvSrX0eKTAWzWhNLSnFzLjDpom5XG6%7EFLzwdOp4oO9-Gd-FD9dCpKvLnKBty4jiDCtSjTNzxBsYbD92r6YQezj1tDMEjT3wr2HByZTV87AxfN6hcWrdq58Ox53a1lMtriNSHvAfRg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
fd32de61a01192d0957a8440772c7894
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Alumni House
Description
An account of the resource
Historic scientific instruments held by Alumni Affairs, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA.
Physical Object
Use this field for any solid object.
Materials
Aluminum, Plastic
Maker
Pickett & Eckel Inc, Alhambra, CA
Location
The location of the interview
Alumni House
Bibliography
<em>Pickett</em>. Slide Rule Museum. Accessed March 03, 2017. http://sliderulemuseum.com/Pickett.htm.
Inscriptions
U.S.A. COPYRIGHT 1948 | PICKETT. A.F. ECKEL | ALHAMBRA. CALIF., U.S.A. [front face, left side of slide] <br />PICKETT & ECKEL INC. | ALHAMBRA CALIF U.S.A. [front face right side of slide] <br />MODEL NO. 1000 | ORTHO – PHASE DUPLEX [back face left side of slide] <br />‘Pickett logo’ [back face right side of slide] <br />D204318 [cursor]
<p dir="ltr"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Scales<strong><strong><br /></strong></strong></span></p>
<p dir="ltr"><span>A: 1-20 logarithmic scale</span></p>
<p dir="ltr"><span>B: 1-20 logarithmic scale</span></p>
<p dir="ltr"><span>T: logarithmic scale from 0-90</span></p>
<p dir="ltr"><span>ST: logarithmic scale 0.56-5.73</span></p>
<p dir="ltr"><span>S: logarithmic scale from 0-90</span></p>
<p dir="ltr"><span>K: 1-30 logarithmic scale</span></p>
<p dir="ltr"><span>D: 1-10 logarithmic scale with notation at pi</span></p>
<p dir="ltr"><span>DF: folded scale ranging from pi-10 and then 1-pi</span></p>
<p dir="ltr"><span>CF: folded scale ranging from pi-10 and then 1-pi</span></p>
<p dir="ltr"><span>CIF: descending logarithmic scale pi-1 followed by 10-pi</span></p>
<p dir="ltr"><span>CI: descending logarithmic scale 10-1</span></p>
<p dir="ltr"><span>C: 1-10 logarithmic scale with notation for pi</span></p>
L: 1-10 linear scale<strong><br /></strong>
Physical Dimensions
The actual physical size of the original image
Body: 31 x 306 x 7 mm
Slide: 306 x 14 x 3 mm
Cursor: 25 x 41 x 7 mm
History of the Object
The history of this object at Michigan Tech is unknown. It is a calculation tool used before the calculator became an affordable tool.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Picket Model 1000 Slide Rule
Subject
The topic of the resource
Mathematics
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Trevor Cretney, Adam Kausch, Matthew Luebke, and Adam Miller
Language
A language of the resource
English
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
physical object
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
United States
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1957
Description
An account of the resource
<span style="text-decoration:underline;"><br /><span>Physical Description:</span></span> The Pickett 1000 slide rule is made of three rectangular bars of aluminum alloy coated in plastic with grooved slides. Two bars are connected at the end with braces that are mounted to the flat side of the bars and the third bar is free to slide between them, held in place by slide tension springs. The two outer bars are called stators and the inner bar is referred to as the slide. The slide rule also has a courser made of two flat lenses held together by aluminum above and below the upper and lower stators. Each bar of the Pickett 1000 slide rule has at least one scale on it. The front side of the slide rule has the DF scale on the upper stator CF, CIF, CI and C scales on the slide and D and L scales on the lower stator. The back side of the slide rule has an A scale in the top stator B, T, ST, and S scales on the slide and K and D scales on the lower stator.<br /><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><br />Functional Description:</span> <span>Slide rules work on a system of logarithms. In order to do multiplication the slide rule adds two logarithms and takes the antilog to determine the answer. Because the slide rule uses logarithmic scales, the operation is simplified. If the user wanted to multiply two numbers together they would move one of the indices on the C scale to the first number that they wish to multiply on the D scale .They would then move the cursor to the second number in the multiplication on the C scale and look at the corresponding number on the D scale. So, if you wanted to multiply 2 and 4 you would move the left index of the C scale to the 2 on the D scale, move the cursor to the 4 on the C scale and see that the answer Is 8. To do division the inverse is done. To find the square and square root the A or B scale and the D scale are used. Locate the number of the square root you want to find using the cursor, when found the corresponding number on the D scale is the answer. To find the square the inverse is found. cube and cube root K scale and the D scale are used. To find the cube root take the number and find it on the K scale read the corresponding number on the D scale. To find the cube the inverse is performed. Scales available on the slide C and D used for multiplication and Division, CF and DF used for multiplication and division when the C and D scales run out. The CI and CIF scales are the inverse of the C scale and CF scale respectively. The S T slides are used for sine and tangent of greater than 5.7 degrees while the ST slide is used for degrees less than 5.7 degrees. The A and B scales are used in the calculation of squares and square roots. The L scale is used for the Log base 10 of a number.</span>.<br /><span><span><br /></span></span>
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
International Slide Rule Museum. ISRM is the world's largest free digital repository of all things concerning slide rules and other math artifacts. There are over 7000 Images or PDF's in the ISRM Galleries">. Web. 22 Mar. 2017. <http://sliderulemuseum.com/SR_Scales.htm>.
Konshak, Mike. Pickett Chronology. JPG.
Hartung, Maurice L. How to use the Ortho-phase duplex slide rule. Pickett & Eckel, 1948. PDF.
20C
Calculator
Engineering
Mathematics
Pickett
Science
Slide Rule