1
10
1
-
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/28382/archive/files/702a23dc2dd18fd3132780ae40485075.JPG?Expires=1712793600&Signature=wHR8W9Nq-U7vsZil6mtOJThyabMWsf7rKicImWJRFQg1Om7njXRnDQ%7EBw2ndevMPyrOAY6IoS-VAha3gUPY5zaiSgxO7ZQE-E7bnxjwpEhSouDyrILIlfocWpYPVLmfcrsZTLdRTu8-WWGbMhmaMvj40DsZb5BL-PXKReCCpZnB102D-Qq9MS6moGXb4d2fetHCNHvKcPIyS3SZQs1C2QGLx%7E-hdH5HArtUU81T9PFvtHcG3zKFIvlJJNYR72SUPP4uRKvQklZF-cuA0uBwKQodcw-vv0LY5Qp2%7EVFfVj2Wq1VuljK2XNBbH%7EsPy5QzS5QnJbUxnLvqdTHKWySkWNQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
1f6169954ee5c75dcf11302a730440e3
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/28382/archive/files/09ce7cb4700bfaf712c8fec2a5d2293e.JPG?Expires=1712793600&Signature=jaJ%7ELlCNRCxdIF6gUnjNvyTtqvBUb6%7EOBFOT0g8Jn3XI8HEb9nFsYKOpsoAIudmkSK8PJxlwhwTmSBpCFlipjRoPD7MYFat%7E2QWKH5Y5qZ7UcSH6ZqSWJLMyoHm8X9O8tfCeXEV-Y6-CXY2AEYZKzvHNEtnTda9aNg4p5ISXH9imh38n0sRVwQkIJQAN3XSi4sv8f2mrsrqkrr2ll-4PLmtX3ErJsqsh9GsqfO3TqHzcfTPW0T%7EMsGjCoW2ujOqHXYGxfMFsZQaNLK2gGrf0vkxFIxPt3JAACxhpnciNEMKoXLFCmty9K8zCWqyVBwqnGYO1TTz2Fmq6jLz7rqgfrg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
e859ec0a0188c358203637fbdbd46387
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/28382/archive/files/e5d005f4eb2146b194a6ffa49c5bfc87.JPG?Expires=1712793600&Signature=qII7IUgZ45Z%7EvdS72dZm0nOQCWqcCv0roSqERASj7WlGpzUyke7ECDSoiMUS5yUtKNLdeN0E5iFDzoCnx-upVafN9aGDQod51KjLs5Iuh%7El9y3%7E2pBQr3I72DebcIdGU5OvWmyEi5-I%7EfYRGbVExvjf1o5RReY2%7E-TUnt93flWau2V-KPI41jyjR1BJqOptRSFz7DBUR97SaDcC1Xnp4Rt4jNRY4TXitBqBK4pAhDXazVVGgsEh94ozI35Gc4GC-Stvc8AebpOm3QdTnZ%7Ehc04qC56UMK8e1cZtTO%7EY9muHpRTTImwP13QeZqsUtvP4N%7E5b-9hC2ET%7EnrSIKePjiwA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
d960105b1619749a683fb19881b29787
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/28382/archive/files/b67134f9d378c0962c364384214fba55.JPG?Expires=1712793600&Signature=OiJPnGCOQDcHEo9rRVr2dQZWywHi2QLM99L78CGm4-WeyqDHFmq0iv9CI-JF8xxA1yNnDvgrnbzid21twYiFw%7EtIGulF4YIosnqeLOeLr-5Wcc67%7EKtUV8F8GdodXAMd3TsmuUu8H61KBueoJ%7E0Dqq5STuatp%7EnWedNlrAzZM%7EPKoe8ylOrJ0riImVKBKpq2go2mI6tycqJaq8ISoUeK8fzAQDKGwBbrk-0L%7ESkUi4C4Hw0Kz-7v-J35ee%7EjrPyedHRkN1PuO0ifC0EnbaTb%7Eo-FhhG7pVMSe2%7EaKad-M-3D7bBUCjsUIfC7zS9Szae6bklVGBRVkf6SBEWd6jPtZQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
2509696ecd8527edbb48e6cdcb51c268
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/28382/archive/files/3aed36c2af8089c6c8e6a17231e8b719.JPG?Expires=1712793600&Signature=P2KEu4aHBgA%7E8mBAr488M5AhpEPGDI8Ur4LFwjV86RHC6rl-v9QvlMRAJE0Hg4TeKislEE64cQp7%7E7WjjuqWqyUddMLWUmdkfibfPdo41U1SAfYH7NspR6F5PActfVky4lQSINXCTCc83qD7YpViHuavosMw006%7Eq3FG4-m52A-WPQ0urtslwF4mNZ4KTm2IkL2fkPLVmca-OYOfjwVoPqG7-MXBcfTg8Amt9OkY-V6UCdzgzYDSTtx0SiNtE8Yp9BRM3XQureH0sxtNgFyEv5-MFDSpEc7qZ8SK7U5KADsgS1LT2VsKvts0dozGK1blQco-78Dd3IhCjhD1u90b0g__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
893f436ef579383b89b12d0b9934866c
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/28382/archive/files/b92ffa57f7b94835f596bbb7bf5f1f55.JPG?Expires=1712793600&Signature=WZu8Syq%7Ece0-zGwL9i44Z%7El-Wst5kpbPqgwjRkSoh%7E-Z2rgyxcsL%7EPbWO6dCAobM0Jm7k%7EIuARak2MxUhHNJ88J6BHIIlG7kFG7zGEOHyEcc0RR4udJCbHnTmZOXrf9yJMp76xB230984l9lTCuc9ghk12d6bEayEF7ESEScw1lDljC6a-SioMGHWhCaOwc0BLlez2BquughZelwrT6AjE0RS7k5v26LiaiDRHpXLIBofxdl0nmQkgeNbT3xaCJJpnUdfJ36nUgcNce-xq0N-9egVhEyt2aTd4AkrSU58pvoPhFcgTtyXIQiJqqJMwdAZ-y3DA8h39EHTYF8-1OmwQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
7be528e13dc76d2c9b3c53bb79b923f6
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/28382/archive/files/04ba486b53513ace222bfc1f7a44043d.JPG?Expires=1712793600&Signature=NT1njblRwb%7E%7E1wGim5PickmzNB7ubolDmvxtRteqrvFZ0Ealsniq7xRgRX6yLbzNyXbrL3toml5IriSMlPhYX7Td1RD4awU6X%7EhJF2dvTidQI1sMI5RzIaoGEaU8xd1HAfxF9gmaQCoQ66Yy6TRaV7uYo09HqIm-En0eYHIrT1JfRGs2hNZUM9uAnwhfQxBXYRtNKEf9QKG9jWhjQyiAk2Y7i0yRlnJdhtgr4Fpq54-B9ST6eJSCg4I3GagpAbzxxtL7Wjso8n7PGdxEgC780Khy0b5ucMAkYNoOXqYIanJpjLNZUpKUELGIw6Sq2Y6qwuUQjTNETZdH7v%7Ew52o0aw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
8efa1d32d59ce58176d9bc8070a3d088
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/28382/archive/files/cf9ac31cace73c51e10fa552d439c3ac.JPG?Expires=1712793600&Signature=nmgHzQGtPpVBempJeLJNkvhISA9A%7E2eN02kQKt3slvrE0rmzohWhpVhmtFly%7E3J7KB3OhHPqnCt804RoTX42II7ltus4yoRujY3H8ZoBQ9SgvWEJZJcwNq6brxvYmfJCGwwxer6gmmDJ1OFJuGM776TsaYuWcrYFfqm-i8kKCI9keqZOFQSJQHVOlZghNbouivNR-o8RlsQEueNq1Ge-kgpKNKAJTjG3X8Rsn0w2tVgkk3HfAQxZj-19pgIpPHwO02f8%7ElJxULbdZKvWzE88zslMcIRtVCWFQladIYHj198Sb-J3LQUZmHcs9SE0sMRSZzPK2L0P7vzZeZtKCu0utw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
698f62ac5be3f475f98f676d4a420cfb
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/28382/archive/files/fe2e6f276387478699ff07afb66e7d5b.JPG?Expires=1712793600&Signature=JYjKdhXtPa4Fejgra09uYBX7WvVWTcGxK13Xyw8VwlUojHhfxKJqp-rPLWm4UKPO9cY%7ETttgBDXm-OenPz%7Ej0jqIM0uF06pqmYNS0M7qrk9sliObxoYb58byVwMPjaY-gb6L7PmBbtuP33y6fDremBg8kvmAVhbXWcKyfa67JPGxQaBx84kVSdfDMv7%7E896hAaAhSC99ykxQBWXDlT8bX%7EgEW-HoM0L-nIFj2K3Ru9o50ouYWL4vVxfVNDBSqxUkuz0mBBKxKfxCom5lvQ3o%7EPCg4saFC4QLQGq%7E8DitTYAKgr67xGDK1hFpIfXXyk9oM1YVtumDka8iYkQhy5vYwg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
3afa3e8fa916058b5bd3345791a703ce
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/28382/archive/files/f7e88e4bab747e594f5d712085f98c8d.JPG?Expires=1712793600&Signature=ttKgiTgvHjY6vGxsY22OyuXuWoCRN8yV2G9kr21hf5oFbS4biTOFE7JG%7E4VHAonCX7RBY%7E4MeP9bdqa1p04PO-zq3Z%7EXxHGost2mKKxfQIcALEAXWmillZsz0fLPtH1pufdb9%7EEKpdzx6UZhzKFFyUNNAjrZaynJRCLlNgYvvRq8ySkAjSrspVqoTmYzHosDxjR8m2hxWHRnwZBjsvU%7E1kTLpIgx8b7u7Ya2dPaiLAdKOAoY4MTmrFJHFmg7rY8FdNaxkAGdiCKYE8ZR%7EL3FVQyl%7EoJMdpSTqf9sokeIPALei7qtJes2tG%7EFDiScxr-qNwH9Kf0xPEd7inoWakGduw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
b7513aa4099f0ef6d54e18d120fe277d
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/28382/archive/files/1e7d57ca7870b82c46e5e35237942bd8.JPG?Expires=1712793600&Signature=iR8lDSuQp0fDliS6lc4TYjaQ7iRCv94pxTRBX4WnzsL4Th-YznxB%7E%7EE3nmhQ5KeycObt-C1FM2a4n5c5eKENK28XMXc2PsD2O6X2uUPsnR4ImnmZavivc%7E0-spp82ul8TSiuIoho41vM-6VowK56s4LQw7f%7Eh0fQhIJeMSiR8PszId2SmBNQmoswKl0Ga6KsYcInH-FV8Ic5m9FrV7NchgBB2%7EmQWDrANpy4O289-2BW19ocAp13GU-nAUBs163A3P2qmOnSfwMINfc2fm0Z0NdOMz5voE07z7B7Ijq6CpNOMQUBuX11boFABQT8OeduttKasQ1QP4fIUy9P26GSew__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
90cad45babeaf70951638017ffec45df
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Social Sciences
Description
An account of the resource
Historic scientific instruments held by the Department of Social Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA.
Physical Object
Use this field for any solid object.
Materials
<strong>Instrument</strong>: brass, nickeled brass, glass, steel. <br /><strong>Case</strong>: wood, brass, iron, felt.
Maker
unknown
Inscriptions
<strong>Compass</strong>: 0-360˚ by 2˚ and "N", "E", "S", an "O" <br /><strong>Meridonal</strong> <strong>scale</strong>: 0–360˚ by 1˚ <br /><strong>Vernier</strong>: 0-60' by 2' <br /><strong>Case</strong>: unmarked, but a paper label is pasted inside the lid that reads "MEDAILLES D’OR | Prix D Excellence Grand Concours Bruxelles 1888" and the medallions and dates of 6 world expositions: London, 1851, Vienna 1873, Paris 1878, Amsterdam 1883, Antwerp 1885, Brussels 1888. Inked below (presumably a rubber stamp) is the inscription "Exposition Universelle. Anvers 1894. DIMPLOMA D'HONNEUR"".
History of the Object
<p>This particular form of a surveyor's cross was named a "Goniasmomètre" (Fr.) or "goniometer" (Engl.; literally meaning simply "an angle-measurer"), and seems to have been primarily favored in France (Gillespie, 1901, 200, no. 304). It is properly known as a "pantometer", an instrument for measuring all angles, and as a "<a href="https://compassmuseum.com/geo/geo_f2.htm#CROSS">Equerre d'arpenteur</a>" (lit., a "surveyor's bracket"). In its most general form of a cylinder with slits, it goes back to the seventeenth century, but its dual-cylinder Vernier form seems to have been developed for military surveying about the first third of the nineteenth century, perhaps by a Mssr. Fouquier, of the École Polytechnique (Laisné 1839, 61). <br /><br />According to the label inside the storage case, this instrument was awarded a gold medal at the Brussels’ 1888 "Grand Concours: international des sciences et de l'industrie," part of the World's Fair there in that year. This relatively small expo is quite understudied, having been eclipsed the very next year by the Exposition Universelle in Paris (for which the Eiffel Tower was built). The pantometer was also awarded a “Diplome d’Honneur’ at the Exposition Internationale d'Anvers in Antwerp in 1894. The unknown maker apparently exhibited at 7 major European fairs (but no American ones) between 1851 and 1894, suggesting that this is likely a major and known maker. <br /><br />The label and ink stamp in the case from two major expositions suggests that it was the type of instrument (or even just surveying instruments by this maker) that received the award, not this specific object.<span> </span>In many cases the actual prize-winning object would have its medal mounted in or on the case as well.<span> </span>The fact that the paper label has a pasted in label from an 1888 exposition and then a inked stamp from 1894 suggests that this particular instrument was made sometime between the two. Further research in the exhibitor catalogs for these exhibitions would be fruitful. [1]<br /><br />It is interesting that there is no indication of the maker anywhere on the cross, or even on the labels, but this seems to be a not-uncommon feature of the type of instrument: see similar and contemporaneous examples at the Harvard collection <a href="http://waywiser.fas.harvard.edu/objects/12501/brass-surveyors-cross-with-compass">here</a> and <a href="http://waywiser.fas.harvard.edu/objects/12654/brass-surveyors-cross?ctx=22b03303-e3d8-4fd8-aa34-7fa33e4e0ac5&idx=1">here</a> (without a compass), and <a href="https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/search/object/nmah_747453">here</a> from the Smithsonian; and a comparable early twentieth-century one <a href="https://hydrography.pro/presta17/boussole-theodolite/136-pantometer.html">here</a>. There are similar pantometers known by instrument makers Salmoiraghi of Milan, H. Bretschneider of Halle, <a href="https://www.ebay.com/itm/ANTIQUE-BRASS-PANTOMETER-IN-LEATHER-CASE-STANLEY-3-Gt-TURNSTILE-HOLBORN-LONDON/283307356655?hash=item41f66f31ef:g:dRcAAOSw2hxcF6vf">Stanely</a> in London, and even after WWI by <a href="http://patrimoine.bourgognefranchecomte.fr/connaitre-le-patrimoine/les-ressources-documentaires/acces-aux-dossiers-dinventaire/etude/51891af4-a34a-4fbe-a887-6e4cd19efc3f.html">SLOM</a> in Paris.<br /><br />By comparison, a simple surveyor's cross (presumably without a Vernier) could be had from Gurley (1889, 304) for only $3 or $6 with a compass on top. They also sold a complex version "with vertical axis and divided circle, to take angles" for $12.<br /><br />This example was purchased in 1984 at the monthly antiques market in Brussels by Bob Carnanan (MTU Class of 1953). Received by MTU Social Sciences and IHSI, July 31, 2019.<br /><br /><strong>Notes</strong><br />[1] A preliminary check of the 1894 Antwerp foreign exhibitors in Class 8, "<span>Objets </span>scientifiques, <span>cartographie, </span><span>etc.</span>" (<span class="fn"><span dir="ltr">EUd'A </span></span>1894, 276-278) suggestst that this will be harder to figure out than not. Of the 42 exhibitors from France, only two Parisienne firms are listed as potentially showing surveying instrumetns (<span>Alfred </span>Berthélemy showing "<span>Instruments de </span>précision, optiqiue, mathémathique, <span>géodésie, </span><span>nivellement, [et] </span>topographie" and Vion Bros. of Paris, exhibiting "Instruments d'géodésie"), but numerous others are listed showing generic "precision instruments" or "instruments for the sciences." Specific items shown are not listed.</p>
<p> </p>
Physical Dimensions
The actual physical size of the original image
<strong>Instrument</strong>: main body 70 diam. x 96 mm with ball mount 116mm long: tripod socket 87 mm long overall with a tapered socket 18mm at the wide (bottom) end. <br /><strong>Case</strong>: 160 x 138 x 87 mm with 77 x 30 mm brass handle on 20 diam. x 6 mm tall mounting bosses.
Bibliography
<p class="booktitle"><span class="fn"><span dir="ltr">Nicolàs <strong>de Hilster</strong>, "Geodetic Instruments: Surveyor's crosses: Pantometer," n.d. [<a href="http://www.dehilster.info/geodetic_instruments/20th_century_pantometer.php">online</a>].<br /><br />Exposition Universelle d'Anvers [<strong>EUd'A</strong>], <em>Catalogue officiel général. II, Sections étrangères</em> (Bruxelles: A. Mertens, 1894).<br /><br />William Mitchell <strong>Gillespie</strong>, <em>A Treatise on Surveying</em></span></span><em>: <span class="subtitle"><span dir="ltr">Comprising the Theory and the Practice</span></span></em><span class="subtitle"><span dir="ltr"> (New York: </span></span><span dir="ltr">D. Appleton</span>, 1901).</p>
W. & L.E. <strong>Gurley</strong> [firm], <em>A Manual of the Principal Instruments Used in American Engineering and</em> Surveying, 28th ed. (Troy, NY: Gurley, 1889).<br /><p class="booktitle"><span class="fn"><span dir="ltr">Joseph <strong>Laisné</strong>, <em>Aide-mémoire portatif à l'usage des officiers du génie </em></span></span><span class="subtitle"></span><a href="https://www.google.com/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22Joseph+Laisn%C3%A9%22" class="secondary"><span dir="ltr"></span></a><span dir="ltr">(Burssels: Meline, Cans et Compagnie</span>, 1839).</p>
<p><span class="articleCategory">Wilhelm A. <strong>Schmidt</strong>, "Second Thoughts:</span> The Surveyor's Cross," <em>Professional Surveyor Magazine</em> 27, no. 3 (March 2007) [<a href="https://archives.profsurv.com/magazine/article.aspx?i=1803" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">online</a>]</p>
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Pantometer (Vernier Surveyor's Cross with Compass)
Description
An account of the resource
<p><strong>Physical description</strong>: A nickeled brass surveyor's cross in a wooden fitted case. The cross consists of a cylinder with a compass on the top and a gimbaled socket on the bottom for mounting on a stake or tripod. <br /><br />The main body of the instrument consists of a cylinder of two parts, the upper of which has two pairs of slits set at 90˚ to one another. The lower section has one pair of slits directly opposite each other (i.e., 180˚ apart). Each pair has two types of slits, the "eyepiece slit" which is a beveled slot with two beveled circular pinholes at either end (and thus looks like an elongated barbell), and the "objective slit", which is wider with a fine sighting wire strung vertically through it. Both slits are 30mm tall with the eyepiece slit <1mm side, and the objective slit about 4mm wide strung with <1mm diam. wire.<br /><br />There is a <span>meridional band engraved where the top and bottom cylinders meet. The top edge of the lower cylinder is marked in 360˚ by single degrees and the lower edge of the upper cylinder has a Vernier scale</span> marked 0–60' by 2' whose zero sligns with one eyepiece slit above. The second perpendicular set of slits sights 90˚ to the right from this principle set of slits.<br /><br />On the bottom of the cylinder are two 20mm diam. knurled knobs. One is geared within to allow the upper section of the cylinder to be rotated minutely and the other locks the rotation.<br /><br /><strong>Functional description</strong>: The surveyor's cross is used to set a perpendicular to a given line during surveying, although this more advanced pantometer can sight a second line at a prceise angle to the baseline. One uses either the upper or lower eyehole depending on whether the bearing of the line descends or ascends from the current station, since the opposed slits can only be used in one direction each. Having set the top cylinder to zero on the 360˚ meridonal scale, the surveyor may either sight a given line of an existing survey and read off its compass bearing (this instrument therefore acting like a simple surveying compass) or set the instrument from a written survey description that includes a compass bearing. In this case one can use the lower sight to set a line, rotate the top cylinder a set amount, and then sight a second line <em>and</em> its perpendicular. Alternatley, by zeroing the cyllinders and sighting on one line with the bottom slits, the top cylinder can be rotated to another line and the angle between read off the meridonal band to 2' of arc.<br /><br />The typical method of use for a simple cross would be for the surveyor to take a tripod out to a known survey point and then set the bearing of one of the slits (choosing the one pair so that the other pair sight either left or right as will be needed). Then by locking the head in place and sighting though the other slit, the surveyor's assistant ('rodman') can move as far away as desired and then adjust laterally until he is on the perfectly perpendicular line.<br /><br />Further information: Gillespie 1901, 59-60; Schmidt 2007.</p>
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Steven A. Walton
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1888-1894
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
physical object
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
no accession number
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
likely Belgium or France
Language
A language of the resource
French
19C
surveying