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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
MEEM
Description
An account of the resource
Historic scientific instruments held by the Department of Mechanical Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA.
Physical Object
Use this field for any solid object.
Physical Dimensions
The actual physical size of the original image
[Box] 381mm(w), 246mm(h), 216mm(d); inside: 11in(w), 8.5in(h), 7.25in(d)
[Base: 273mm(w), 21mm(h), 180mm(d)
[Pressure Apparatus] base: 100mm diam.; primary arm: 82mm(h) with 40mm cube joint; perpendicular arm: 100mm(l), 60mm(h); diagonal arm: 150-220mm(l), 35mm diam. (without bolt).
[Oil Well: 76mm/3in(w), 42mm(h), 76mm/3in(d); spout: 30mm(diameter), 42mm(h)
[Disc: 144mm/4.5in(diameter), 4mm(h); Disc Shaft: 17mm(diameter), 90mm/3.5in(h)
[Bolts: 5mm(diameter, all male ends), 13mm(male, bolt 1), 13mm(female, bolt 2), 9mm(female, bolt 3), 4mm(male, bolt 4)
[Notepads] 3in(w), 7in(h)
[Wrench] 47mm(w), 13mm(h), 115mm(d)
Materials
Brass, wood, steel, paper, oil
Maker
Crosby Steam Gage & Valve Co., Boston, MA
Inscriptions
[Base] 1076
[Main Upright Brass Cylinder] PAT. MAR 11, 1884
[Perpendicular cylinder knob] OPEN | DRAIN | X | X
[Oil Pan] PAT. U.S.A. DEVERALL’S
Location
The location of the interview
MEEM (3rd Floor Display Case)
Bibliography
<ul><li>Charles E. Ashcroft, “<a href="https://www.datamp.org/patents/search/advance.php?pn=295093&id=58181%20&set=3.">Pressure-Gage-Testing Apparatus.</a>” US Patent 295,093, Mar. 11, 1884. Www.datamp.org.</li>
<li>F.J. Deverall, "<a href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US301575A/en">Can</a>,” US Patent 301,575, July 8, 1884. Google Patents.</li>
<li>U.S. Geological Survey, “<a href="https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/why-does-usgs-use-spelling-gage-instead-gauge">Why Does the USGS Use the Spelling ‘Gage’ instead of ‘Gauge’?</a>” n.d. Www.usgs.gov. Accessed March 27, 2023.</li>
</ul>
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Pressure Gage Testing Apparatus
Subject
The topic of the resource
gauges; steam engineering; mechanical engineering; boilers
Description
An account of the resource
<h4>Physical Description</h4>
A brass pressure gauge testing apparatus kit inside a fitted wooden case. The kit consists of a wooden base, brass cylinders, a reflective metallic weigh plate, four bolts, an oil pan, two notepads, and a steel wrench. <br /><br />The main brass body of the instrument is composed of 3 cylinders: 1) a main upright cylinder with threaded cap that is removed to insert the weigh plate; 2) an L-shaped arm with a horizontal cylinder perpendicular to the main one whose diameter varies by about 10mm and a 90° upward bend, terminating in a threaded opening; and 3) an upright diagonal cylinder that has a threaded adjustment arm within for adjusting pressure inside the apparatus during the testing of a pressure gauge. The L-shaped arm has a valve release knob on its horizontal portion and a threaded top on its vertical portion where a threaded pressure gauge attaches. <br /><br />The rest of the kit is organized in engineered slots for all of the components. The instrument fits snugly within the wooden case, the metallic weigh plate is held in place on the wooden kit base with 3 adjustable wooden pegs. Four pressure gauge adapters for different thread combinations fit into four wooden holes to the right of the wooden kit base, and the oil pan fits just underneath an oil release valve on the horizontal portion of the L-shaped arm. In addition, notepads and a wrench are kept in the case, but without dedicated spots. <br /><br />The wooden case itself has a single metal latch on the front face and a handle on the top. It is marked with a Michigan College of Mining and Technology property tag underneath the latch that reads “MCMT-1 741 1” ,which places the date of acquisition of this instrument between 1925 and 1967, the period in which out university bore that name. (A paper tag that reads “5” attached with cellophane tape is presumably just a collection number for the MEEM department records). <br /><br />There are several inscriptions engraved on the instrument. On the top of the wooden base at the rear there is “1073” likely indicating a production number, the 1073rd apparatus to come out of production from Crosby Steam Gage & Valve Co. On the main upright cylinder is engraved “PAT. MAR 11 1884”, signifying the date a U.S. patent was granted. On the knob of the perpendicular cylinder, “DRAIN” and “OPEN” are on the flat faces to signify the position on the internal drain valve. “X” appears on both of the small side faces of the knob to signify the stoppage of oil flow. The inside face on the spout of the oil pan also has an engraving “PAT. U.S.A. DEVERALL’S”, signifying the producer of the pan.
<h4>Functional Description</h4>
The instrument is intended to be attached to pressure gauges on steam engines and other steam machinery with pressure gauge displays to test their accuracy. <br /><br />To properly use the instrument, one would unscrew the cap on the main upright brass cylinder and insert the metallic weight plate. Then, they would select one of the four adapters that matches the threading type and size (they take the ¾-16 thread to either 13mm(male), 13mm(female), 9mm(female), or 4mm(male)) of the pressure gauge to be tested and screw that into the receptacle at the end of the L-arm. The kit-provided wrench may be used to tighten the bolt, and a weight (not included with the kit) would be placed on top of the metallic weigh plate. The threaded adjustment arm in the diagonal cylinder would then be screwed in or out to bleed off the appropriate amount of pressure as to not launch the weigh plate off of the apparatus, and the pressure gauge would then be screwed into the aforementioned bolt on the perpendicular arm to begin testing. The results would then be recorded on the provided notepad. Oil that collects inside the apparatus from the steam is periodically drained into the provided pan and refilled as necessary to prevent pressure buildup or malfunction in the instrument. <br /><br />It is not known the methods for which the threaded pressure adjustment arm in the diagonal cylinder are properly used, as there are no provided instructions or documentation with the instrument or available in records online. It can be assumed that the calculations for how much pressure to release when testing are able to be performed by hand based on the amount of pressure the gauge being tested is responsible for.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Peyton Hall
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
c.1884
Language
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English
Identifier
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MTU (MCMT) property tag 17411. MEEM Inventory #5
Coverage
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United States of America
Format
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physical object
19C
Mechanical Engineering
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
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Social Sciences
Description
An account of the resource
Historic scientific instruments held by the Department of Social Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA.
Physical Object
Use this field for any solid object.
Materials
<strong>Instrument</strong>: brass, nickeled brass, glass, steel. <br /><strong>Case</strong>: wood, brass, iron, felt.
Maker
unknown
Inscriptions
<strong>Compass</strong>: 0-360˚ by 2˚ and "N", "E", "S", an "O" <br /><strong>Meridonal</strong> <strong>scale</strong>: 0–360˚ by 1˚ <br /><strong>Vernier</strong>: 0-60' by 2' <br /><strong>Case</strong>: unmarked, but a paper label is pasted inside the lid that reads "MEDAILLES D’OR | Prix D Excellence Grand Concours Bruxelles 1888" and the medallions and dates of 6 world expositions: London, 1851, Vienna 1873, Paris 1878, Amsterdam 1883, Antwerp 1885, Brussels 1888. Inked below (presumably a rubber stamp) is the inscription "Exposition Universelle. Anvers 1894. DIMPLOMA D'HONNEUR"".
History of the Object
<p>This particular form of a surveyor's cross was named a "Goniasmomètre" (Fr.) or "goniometer" (Engl.; literally meaning simply "an angle-measurer"), and seems to have been primarily favored in France (Gillespie, 1901, 200, no. 304). It is properly known as a "pantometer", an instrument for measuring all angles, and as a "<a href="https://compassmuseum.com/geo/geo_f2.htm#CROSS">Equerre d'arpenteur</a>" (lit., a "surveyor's bracket"). In its most general form of a cylinder with slits, it goes back to the seventeenth century, but its dual-cylinder Vernier form seems to have been developed for military surveying about the first third of the nineteenth century, perhaps by a Mssr. Fouquier, of the École Polytechnique (Laisné 1839, 61). <br /><br />According to the label inside the storage case, this instrument was awarded a gold medal at the Brussels’ 1888 "Grand Concours: international des sciences et de l'industrie," part of the World's Fair there in that year. This relatively small expo is quite understudied, having been eclipsed the very next year by the Exposition Universelle in Paris (for which the Eiffel Tower was built). The pantometer was also awarded a “Diplome d’Honneur’ at the Exposition Internationale d'Anvers in Antwerp in 1894. The unknown maker apparently exhibited at 7 major European fairs (but no American ones) between 1851 and 1894, suggesting that this is likely a major and known maker. <br /><br />The label and ink stamp in the case from two major expositions suggests that it was the type of instrument (or even just surveying instruments by this maker) that received the award, not this specific object.<span> </span>In many cases the actual prize-winning object would have its medal mounted in or on the case as well.<span> </span>The fact that the paper label has a pasted in label from an 1888 exposition and then a inked stamp from 1894 suggests that this particular instrument was made sometime between the two. Further research in the exhibitor catalogs for these exhibitions would be fruitful. [1]<br /><br />It is interesting that there is no indication of the maker anywhere on the cross, or even on the labels, but this seems to be a not-uncommon feature of the type of instrument: see similar and contemporaneous examples at the Harvard collection <a href="http://waywiser.fas.harvard.edu/objects/12501/brass-surveyors-cross-with-compass">here</a> and <a href="http://waywiser.fas.harvard.edu/objects/12654/brass-surveyors-cross?ctx=22b03303-e3d8-4fd8-aa34-7fa33e4e0ac5&idx=1">here</a> (without a compass), and <a href="https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/search/object/nmah_747453">here</a> from the Smithsonian; and a comparable early twentieth-century one <a href="https://hydrography.pro/presta17/boussole-theodolite/136-pantometer.html">here</a>. There are similar pantometers known by instrument makers Salmoiraghi of Milan, H. Bretschneider of Halle, <a href="https://www.ebay.com/itm/ANTIQUE-BRASS-PANTOMETER-IN-LEATHER-CASE-STANLEY-3-Gt-TURNSTILE-HOLBORN-LONDON/283307356655?hash=item41f66f31ef:g:dRcAAOSw2hxcF6vf">Stanely</a> in London, and even after WWI by <a href="http://patrimoine.bourgognefranchecomte.fr/connaitre-le-patrimoine/les-ressources-documentaires/acces-aux-dossiers-dinventaire/etude/51891af4-a34a-4fbe-a887-6e4cd19efc3f.html">SLOM</a> in Paris.<br /><br />By comparison, a simple surveyor's cross (presumably without a Vernier) could be had from Gurley (1889, 304) for only $3 or $6 with a compass on top. They also sold a complex version "with vertical axis and divided circle, to take angles" for $12.<br /><br />This example was purchased in 1984 at the monthly antiques market in Brussels by Bob Carnanan (MTU Class of 1953). Received by MTU Social Sciences and IHSI, July 31, 2019.<br /><br /><strong>Notes</strong><br />[1] A preliminary check of the 1894 Antwerp foreign exhibitors in Class 8, "<span>Objets </span>scientifiques, <span>cartographie, </span><span>etc.</span>" (<span class="fn"><span dir="ltr">EUd'A </span></span>1894, 276-278) suggestst that this will be harder to figure out than not. Of the 42 exhibitors from France, only two Parisienne firms are listed as potentially showing surveying instrumetns (<span>Alfred </span>Berthélemy showing "<span>Instruments de </span>précision, optiqiue, mathémathique, <span>géodésie, </span><span>nivellement, [et] </span>topographie" and Vion Bros. of Paris, exhibiting "Instruments d'géodésie"), but numerous others are listed showing generic "precision instruments" or "instruments for the sciences." Specific items shown are not listed.</p>
<p> </p>
Physical Dimensions
The actual physical size of the original image
<strong>Instrument</strong>: main body 70 diam. x 96 mm with ball mount 116mm long: tripod socket 87 mm long overall with a tapered socket 18mm at the wide (bottom) end. <br /><strong>Case</strong>: 160 x 138 x 87 mm with 77 x 30 mm brass handle on 20 diam. x 6 mm tall mounting bosses.
Bibliography
<p class="booktitle"><span class="fn"><span dir="ltr">Nicolàs <strong>de Hilster</strong>, "Geodetic Instruments: Surveyor's crosses: Pantometer," n.d. [<a href="http://www.dehilster.info/geodetic_instruments/20th_century_pantometer.php">online</a>].<br /><br />Exposition Universelle d'Anvers [<strong>EUd'A</strong>], <em>Catalogue officiel général. II, Sections étrangères</em> (Bruxelles: A. Mertens, 1894).<br /><br />William Mitchell <strong>Gillespie</strong>, <em>A Treatise on Surveying</em></span></span><em>: <span class="subtitle"><span dir="ltr">Comprising the Theory and the Practice</span></span></em><span class="subtitle"><span dir="ltr"> (New York: </span></span><span dir="ltr">D. Appleton</span>, 1901).</p>
W. & L.E. <strong>Gurley</strong> [firm], <em>A Manual of the Principal Instruments Used in American Engineering and</em> Surveying, 28th ed. (Troy, NY: Gurley, 1889).<br /><p class="booktitle"><span class="fn"><span dir="ltr">Joseph <strong>Laisné</strong>, <em>Aide-mémoire portatif à l'usage des officiers du génie </em></span></span><span class="subtitle"></span><a href="https://www.google.com/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22Joseph+Laisn%C3%A9%22" class="secondary"><span dir="ltr"></span></a><span dir="ltr">(Burssels: Meline, Cans et Compagnie</span>, 1839).</p>
<p><span class="articleCategory">Wilhelm A. <strong>Schmidt</strong>, "Second Thoughts:</span> The Surveyor's Cross," <em>Professional Surveyor Magazine</em> 27, no. 3 (March 2007) [<a href="https://archives.profsurv.com/magazine/article.aspx?i=1803" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">online</a>]</p>
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Pantometer (Vernier Surveyor's Cross with Compass)
Description
An account of the resource
<p><strong>Physical description</strong>: A nickeled brass surveyor's cross in a wooden fitted case. The cross consists of a cylinder with a compass on the top and a gimbaled socket on the bottom for mounting on a stake or tripod. <br /><br />The main body of the instrument consists of a cylinder of two parts, the upper of which has two pairs of slits set at 90˚ to one another. The lower section has one pair of slits directly opposite each other (i.e., 180˚ apart). Each pair has two types of slits, the "eyepiece slit" which is a beveled slot with two beveled circular pinholes at either end (and thus looks like an elongated barbell), and the "objective slit", which is wider with a fine sighting wire strung vertically through it. Both slits are 30mm tall with the eyepiece slit <1mm side, and the objective slit about 4mm wide strung with <1mm diam. wire.<br /><br />There is a <span>meridional band engraved where the top and bottom cylinders meet. The top edge of the lower cylinder is marked in 360˚ by single degrees and the lower edge of the upper cylinder has a Vernier scale</span> marked 0–60' by 2' whose zero sligns with one eyepiece slit above. The second perpendicular set of slits sights 90˚ to the right from this principle set of slits.<br /><br />On the bottom of the cylinder are two 20mm diam. knurled knobs. One is geared within to allow the upper section of the cylinder to be rotated minutely and the other locks the rotation.<br /><br /><strong>Functional description</strong>: The surveyor's cross is used to set a perpendicular to a given line during surveying, although this more advanced pantometer can sight a second line at a prceise angle to the baseline. One uses either the upper or lower eyehole depending on whether the bearing of the line descends or ascends from the current station, since the opposed slits can only be used in one direction each. Having set the top cylinder to zero on the 360˚ meridonal scale, the surveyor may either sight a given line of an existing survey and read off its compass bearing (this instrument therefore acting like a simple surveying compass) or set the instrument from a written survey description that includes a compass bearing. In this case one can use the lower sight to set a line, rotate the top cylinder a set amount, and then sight a second line <em>and</em> its perpendicular. Alternatley, by zeroing the cyllinders and sighting on one line with the bottom slits, the top cylinder can be rotated to another line and the angle between read off the meridonal band to 2' of arc.<br /><br />The typical method of use for a simple cross would be for the surveyor to take a tripod out to a known survey point and then set the bearing of one of the slits (choosing the one pair so that the other pair sight either left or right as will be needed). Then by locking the head in place and sighting though the other slit, the surveyor's assistant ('rodman') can move as far away as desired and then adjust laterally until he is on the perfectly perpendicular line.<br /><br />Further information: Gillespie 1901, 59-60; Schmidt 2007.</p>
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Steven A. Walton
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1888-1894
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
physical object
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
no accession number
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
likely Belgium or France
Language
A language of the resource
French
19C
surveying
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
MEEM
Description
An account of the resource
Historic scientific instruments held by the Department of Mechanical Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA.
Physical Object
Use this field for any solid object.
Physical Dimensions
The actual physical size of the original image
Box: 285 x 240 x 207 mm
Cylinders: height of 90 mm, diam. 50 mm
Springs: 53-63 mm long
Valves: thread sizes of 20 and 25 mm
Materials
Indicator: bronze, steel, rope, graphite
Box: Wood, brass
Maker
American Steam Gauge Co., Boston, MA.
Location
The location of the interview
MEEM, 3rd floor display case
Inscriptions
AMERICAN | STEAM GAUGE &. V. MFG.CO | BOSTON, U.S.A. | PAT'D. JAN. 31. 1899. | PAT'D. JUNE 7. 1904 | J.W. THOMPSON | PAT'D AUG. 31. 75 | 4994 [Indicator]<br /><br />312 | 25 [Cylinder]<br /><br />4994 [Box]<br /><br />10 | 20 | 30 | 40 | 60 | 80 [Springs]
History of the Object
<p dir="ltr"><span>The object was made by the firm the American Steam Gauge Company of Boston, MA. The indicator was initially invented by James Watt, who also is credited with the invention of the steam engine. Joseph Thompson is the creator of this steam engine indicator with his patent being granted on Aug 31, 1875. The instrument was manufactured by The American Steam Gauge Company, which was founded in 1851. The instrument was sold as the “American Thompson Improved Indicator”, and was considered to be high end among steam indicators of the time. The improvements of the Thompson indicator over previous models were that the writing component followed an elliptical pattern to maintain a straight line on the recording barrel. This resulted in less inertia and increased the engine speeds, and pressures that the indicator could be used at. The patent granted in 1904 to Earl Vaughn had the benefits of making the indicator easier to disassemble for adaptability of the indicator. For this reason it is believed that this indicator was manufactured sometime after 1904.</span></p>
Bibliography
<p dir="ltr"><span>"The Story of the Steam Engine Indicator." last modified July/August 2001 http://www.farmcollector.com/steam-traction/story-steam-engine-indicator</span></p>
<p dir="ltr"><span><em>Engineer: with which is incorporated steam engineering, volume 35</em> ..</span><span> Vol. 42. (Chicago: The Engineer Publishing Company, 1905). </span></p>
<p dir="ltr"><span>Dorn, Harold. </span><em>Dictionary of Scientific Biography</em><span>. Vol. 14. (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1976), 196-99.</span></p>
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
American Thompson Steam Gauge
Description
An account of the resource
Physical Description:<br /><p dir="ltr"><span>The Thompson Improved Steam Indicator comes in a dark stained wooden box 285mm wide, 207mm deep, and 240mm tall. It opens about halfway up its height to reveal a number of objects. The box, as well as various components, are serial numbered 4994. Inside the box there are pockets as well as mounts for the various objects to go into which can be seen in the images provided.</span></p>
<p dir="ltr"><span>In the center is the steam indicator, which resembles two off-center attached cylinders screwed onto a mount. The cylinders are both 90mm in height and 50mm in diameter. The top cylinder has a slot to affix a cardstock, a stylus arm and pull string. The bottom cylinder has the arm holding the stylus and a spring inside to control the stylus arm. The bottom of the bottom cylinder has threads and ties to the mount on the bottom of the box, as well as thumb bars on the bottom to attach or unattach it by hand.</span></p>
<p dir="ltr"><span>The steam indicator comes with 6 springs numbered 10, 20, 30, 40, 60, and 80, which range in length from 53-63mm long. These springs are threaded onto mounts on the upper half of the box and can replace the spring inside the bottom cylinder of the steam indicator. This allows the system to make more precise graphs depending on the pressure that the engine is putting out.</span></p>
<p dir="ltr"><span>In addition to the above, there are also two globe shut-off valves with thread sizes of 20 and 25mm. The valves come with caps for one side to prevent damage to the threads that could result in inadequate attachment . There is also a torque wrench used to tighten the lower cylinder onto the engine that the indicator will be attached to. There is also a small vial of oil, for the joints of the stylus arm or the springs. There was also a specialized wrench designed to tighten the components in order to prevent gas leaks. The final component was a ruler with a screw driver end that allowed for the dismantling of the indicator as well as measuring the height of the graphs drawn by the arm allowing the user to find the pressure in the system.</span></p>
<p dir="ltr"><span>Functional Description:<br /></span></p>
<p dir="ltr"><span>In order to use the Thompson steam indicator, the user fastened</span><span> the stainless-steel ball valve to the steam engine being analyzed. The indicator was then be fastened to the open end of the ball valve via a threaded connection. With the ball valve opened, the steam within the engine’s piston</span><span> exerts pressure on a spring enclosed within a 100 mm tall, 30 mm diam. cylinder of the indicator. A plunger connected to the spring is </span><span> </span><span>forced upward depending upon the force received by the spring. The motion of the plunger moves the 80 mm long arm vertically, which determines the markings made by the attached pencil. The pencil marks a piece of paper, which is wrapped around the upper cylinder (90 mm tall and 51 mm dia) of the indicator. Wrapped around this upper cylinder is a string whose function is to rotate the cylinder about its center. If the string were left free to hang, the steam pressure pushes the pencil upward, making a straight vertical line on the paper. However, the string was fastened to a component of the engine to allow for the engine piston and the cylinder to move in unison. The string moves the cylinder of the steam indicator in unison with the piston throughout the entire stroke, and a continuous marking is made to illustrate the pressure at each point of the stroke as the pencil is moved upward and downward while the cylinder pivots throughout the process. Thus, the vertical motion of the pencil graphs changes in pressure, while the rotation of the cylinder indicates the phase of the piston cycle, and so in unison the pencil plots a diagram of the pressure cycle in the engine.</span></p>
<p dir="ltr"><span>The indicator was designed to record the stroke of a steam engine, particularly locomotives. At the start of the stroke, the inlet valve opens completely, allowing the maximum force to be applied to the spring by the steam. The pencil marks a horizontal line at its highest point in the cycle from left to right. At cut-off, the inlet valve closes and expansion of the steam occurs, during which the force gradually decreases. This phase is indicated by a pencil mark resembling an exponential decay curve. At release</span><span>, the exhaust valve opens, releasing the steam and the force is at its minimum, resulting in a straight horizontal pencil mark at the lowest point of the curve—this time from right to left. When the exhaust valve closes, compression occurs, causing a gradual rise in pressure. When the inlet valve opens again, the gradual increase in pressure becomes a sharp increase, causing the pencil to mark a straight vertical line returning to the first point of the cycle when the steam pressure exerts its greatest force on the spring. The end product of this device is a card illustrating the change in pressure throughout the continuous cycle of the steam engine. For an engine operating at 250 RPM, the device could generate one cycle plot (or card) per minute.</span></p>
<p dir="ltr"><span>The spring within the indicator can be replaced with a larger spring to record higher steam engine pressures. The set of springs are marked according to their compressive strength: the spring marked #100 converts the force from 100 psi gauge-pressure</span><span>steam into a pencil movement of one inch, a #80 spring converts 80 psig steam into a movement of one inch, and so on.</span></p>
<p dir="ltr"><span>Though the steam indicator was primarily used on locomotives, it could also be applied to traction engines and artillery</span><span>. Due to the high cost of the indicator, it was seldom used on traction engines beyond the confines of the factory in which it was produced. When applied to heavy artillery, the oil in the recoil chamber would replace the steam as the working fluid and exert a pressure on the spring.</span><span> The string would be fastened to the barrel to allow for the recoil movement to pull on the string.</span></p>
Creator
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Elsa Schwartz, Collin Graf, Sarah Hartman, Joel VanLanen, and Patrick Demorest.
Language
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English
Type
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Physical object
Coverage
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United States of America
Date
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1904
Identifier
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Serial no. 4994
Subject
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Steam Engines; Pressure Systems; Artillery
19C
20C
mechanical