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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
MEEM
Description
An account of the resource
Historic scientific instruments held by the Department of Mechanical Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA.
Physical Object
Use this field for any solid object.
Physical Dimensions
The actual physical size of the original image
[Main Body] 180 mm wide x 285mm deep x 175mm high <br />[Output Carriage] 290mm long x 55mm high x 50mm deep <br />[Number Pad] 114mm wide x 140mm high <br />[Number Button] 6mm diam x 6mm high <br />[Plus/Minus Buttons] 13mm wide x 35mm high <br />[Red Zero Button] 6mm diam x 6mm high <br />[Small Red Buttons] 6mm diam x 6mm high <br />[T-Knob] 15mm long x 6mm diam x 12mm long handle <br />[Aluminum Knurled Knob] 25mm diam <br />[Aluminum Leveler] 10mm high <br />[Carriage Window] 4mm wide x 5mm high <br />[Steel Knob] 15mm diam <br />[Crank] 10mm wooden knob diam x 20mm long aluminum arm
Materials
Steel, Aluminum, Plastic (Bakelite), Copper, Rubber, Wood
Maker
Monroe Calculating Machine Company, in Orange, New Jersey
Inscriptions
[Front Logo] MONROE | REGISTERED TRADE MARK [Rear Logo] MONROE | REGISTERED TRADE MARK | HIGH SPEED ADDING CALCULATOR <br />[Rear Serial Number] MCMT-4590 <br />[Bottom Label] MONROE | CALCULATING MACHINE COMPANY | NEW YORK, USA | NO. 1 | 100-135 VOLTS D.C.
History of the Object
Although the history of this specific object in the Mechanical Engineering department has yet to be discovered, based on its function, it had the potential to be useful for several tasks. For example, engineering requires a lot of data collection and analysis. As a result, it can be assumed that this calculator aided engineers in data analysis, which may have required simple repetitive arithmetic that this calculator could perform more quickly than an engineer could do by hand. Additionally, this calculator could have aided mechanical engineers in advanced calculations. While this calculator cannot do calculus or solve differential equations, it can perform numeric approximation for such calculations. Such numeric approximation would have been based on Euler's method or Newton's method of approximation. Both methods involve repeating many sets of basic arithmetic that, if performed at small enough intervals (which requires many calculations), could produce accurate approximations of complex math problems.
Location
The location of the interview
Mechanical Engineering and Engineering Mechanics building 3rd-floor display case.
Bibliography
“Monroe Model LA5-160X Calculating Machine.” National Museum of American History. Smithsonian, 2023. <a href="https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/search/object/nmah_690151">https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/search/object/nmah_690151</a>.<br /><br />MONROE CALCULATING MACHINE COMPANY. INTRUCTION BOOK Monroe Adding-Calculator LA-Z or Series 0 Models. Orange, New Jersey: 1947.<br /><br /><span dir="ltr" class="textLayer--absolute">Scherphuis, Jaap. “Jaap's Mechanical Calculators Page.” Monroe Calculating Machines -</span><br class="textLayer--absolute" /><span dir="ltr" class="textLayer--absolute">Jaap's Mechanical Calculators Page, 2016.</span><br class="textLayer--absolute" /><span dir="ltr" class="textLayer--absolute"><a href="https://www.jaapsch.net/mechcalc/monroe.htm#mymodelka">https://www.jaapsch.net/mechcalc/monroe.htm#mymodelka</a>.<br /><br />Wolff, John. “The Monroe Calculating Machine Company.” John Wolff's web museum, December 8,<br class="textLayer--absolute" />2017. <a href="http://www.johnwolff.id.au/calculators/Monroe/Monroe.htm">http://www.johnwolff.id.au/calculators/Monroe/Monroe.htm</a>.</span>
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Monroe High Speed Adding Calculator (<span>LA5-160x)</span>
Subject
The topic of the resource
Mathematics; Business; Physics; Engineering
Description
An account of the resource
<h3>Physical Description</h3>
<p>The calculator generally comprises three main parts: the main housing, the keypad, and the output carriage.<br /><br />The main housing for the calculator is rectangular as seen from the top, with one pale green slanted face on the front where the keypad is located, similar to a typewriter or cash register. The main housing is a shiny dark green in color with the appearance of a scale-like texture. On the bottom of the main housing are four feet which are steel with a rubber boot. On the front of the main housing, just below the slanted face, a "T" shaped knob protrudes. The knob has a small polished aluminum shaft (15mm long, 6mm diameter) with small black enamel handles (12mm long). Then, on the face to the right of the slanted face (when viewed straight on as if operating) is a knurled aluminum knob about 25mm in diameter. On the back of the calculator (opposite the slanted face) is an electrical connector that is on the right side of the calculator. Lastly, there are "MONROE" logos with yellow letters outlined in red on the front face below the slanted face and centered on the back, under both of which there are the words "HIGH SPEED ADDING CALCULATOR" in yellow. The logo on the back is much larger, while the logo on the front is about half the size and positioned towards the right. Additionally, on the bottom of the calculator in the center is a yellow tag that has the same logo in black letters with additional product information writtten below it.<br /><br />Housed on the slanted face is the keypad. This pale green panel contains a 10x8 array of white buttons (6mm diam.) with black numerals, 0 through 9. Each column starts with a zeroing key at the bottom and increases to nine at the topmost row. To the right of the number pad is another column of various buttons. Starting at the top is the subtraction button (with an inscribed - symbol) which is long, rectangular (35mm long, 13mm wide), and black in color. Directly below that is the addition button (with an inscribed + symbol) with the same shape, orientation, and color. Under that is a 6mm diameter red button that has no symbol. Then under that is another 6mm diameter red button with a darker red "R" on it. Last below that button is a larger red button (14mm diameter) with a pale green zero. The final component on the front panel is a small aluminum lever directly to the left of the left-most "1" button that stands 10mm tall.<br /><br />At the top rear is the output carriage. The carriage is primarily the same dark shiny green as the main body. The carriage is a triangular prism in shape with one of the long flat faces facing the operator, which is at the same angle as the input panel. On this primary face are two rows of small windows (5mm tall and 4mm wide). The bottom row closest to the number pad consists of 16 windows, while the top row consists of 8 windows that are directly above the eight rightmost widows of the bottom rows. Inside each of the windows are black numbers (on the top row, there is also a set of red numbers for subtraction) on a white roller much like a slot machine. Directly above the lower set of windows is a rail with yellow numbers above each window, starting with one on the left and ending with 16 on the right. Along this rail is a set of 5 brass sliders with very small knobs (3mm diameter) that are attached to red arrows that point down towards the lower set of windows. Directly above this rail and below the upper set of windows is another shorter rail that matches the shorter number of windows. This rail has eight numbers and one slider that points upwards. A large steel knob (15mm in diameter) is to the right of these rails. Lastly, on the right face of the carriage is a crank with a dark wooden knob about 10mm in diameter with a polished aluminum arm (20mm long).</p>
<h3>Functional Description<strong><strong><br /></strong></strong></h3>
<p>The purpose of this calculator is complete simple arithmetic such as adding, subtracting, multiplying, and dividing.</p>
<p>Before doing any calculations, users will need to reset the registers (number windows on the carriage). Operators can do this by rotating the crank attached to the carriage until the register reads zero.</p>
<p>For adding, users type in the first number into the keypad by depressing the corresponding buttons, where the number furthest to the right is the smallest digit (which could represent a decimal). Then, the user shall click the plus button causing an electric motor to spin and load the number into the lower register (the longest set of windows). After that, users type the next number to which they would like to add in the same manner. Then, after selecting the add button, the value in the lower register will be the sum that the user is looking for.</p>
<p>For subtracting, the user should perform a similar process where they type in the larger of the two numbers and then press the add button to add the larger value to the register. After that, operators should input the subtracting value into the keypad. Then the user shall select the subtraction key, causing the motor to spin in the opposite direction. This will yield the desired difference in the lower register.</p>
<p>For multiplication, the user must input the larger value into the number pad. The operators shall select the red key with an R. This locks the number so that after the addition key is selected, the number pad will not reset. If the small number of the multiplication is less than ten, the user shall select the addition key as many times as the smaller number. The upper register will count the number of times the user has selected the addition key, and the lower register will display the product.</p>
<p>If the smaller number happens to be larger than ten, the user can select the add key for the smallest digit of the smaller number, and then they can shift the entire carriage with the T-shaped knob so that they add to the power of ten more. Operators should repeat this process until the upper register shows the smaller number of the multiplication, and the resultant in the lower register will be the product.</p>
<p>Operators can perform division in the same manner as a multiplication; however, they shall input the larger number into the lower register. Then, they can use the subtraction key instead of the addition key until the lower register reads as close to zero as possible (remainders may exist). The operator can then read the result of the division in the upper register in red numbers.</p>
<p>In addition, the calculator has some extra useful functions. One is at the bottom of each column is a zeroing button which can be used to clear a column if the incorrect value is selected. Similarly, there is a larger read zeroing buttons that clear the whole number pad. Another feature is a small lever that users can move to hold down the leftmost one on the number pad. This will cause the leftmost digit in the register to count the number of additions or subtractions performed. Another functional feature is the set of sliders on the registers. Ultimately, these sliders are used for the reference of the user and are often used for dealing with decimal numbers where the digits furthest to the right are the smallest decimal value or unit of precision. Lastly, there is a knob on the right side of the calculator that can be used to spin the motor and perform calculations without electricity. In this case, the knob shall be rotated clockwise to add and counterclockwise to subtract.<strong><br /></strong></p>
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Isaac Couling
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1940-1950
Language
A language of the resource
English
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Physical Object
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
no accession number
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
United States of America
1900s
20C
arithmetic
calculation
Calculator
Electricity
Mathematics
mechanism
Monroe
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
MEEM
Description
An account of the resource
Historic scientific instruments held by the Department of Mechanical Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA.
Physical Object
Use this field for any solid object.
Physical Dimensions
The actual physical size of the original image
[Box] 381mm(w), 246mm(h), 216mm(d); inside: 11in(w), 8.5in(h), 7.25in(d)
[Base: 273mm(w), 21mm(h), 180mm(d)
[Pressure Apparatus] base: 100mm diam.; primary arm: 82mm(h) with 40mm cube joint; perpendicular arm: 100mm(l), 60mm(h); diagonal arm: 150-220mm(l), 35mm diam. (without bolt).
[Oil Well: 76mm/3in(w), 42mm(h), 76mm/3in(d); spout: 30mm(diameter), 42mm(h)
[Disc: 144mm/4.5in(diameter), 4mm(h); Disc Shaft: 17mm(diameter), 90mm/3.5in(h)
[Bolts: 5mm(diameter, all male ends), 13mm(male, bolt 1), 13mm(female, bolt 2), 9mm(female, bolt 3), 4mm(male, bolt 4)
[Notepads] 3in(w), 7in(h)
[Wrench] 47mm(w), 13mm(h), 115mm(d)
Materials
Brass, wood, steel, paper, oil
Maker
Crosby Steam Gage & Valve Co., Boston, MA
Inscriptions
[Base] 1076
[Main Upright Brass Cylinder] PAT. MAR 11, 1884
[Perpendicular cylinder knob] OPEN | DRAIN | X | X
[Oil Pan] PAT. U.S.A. DEVERALL’S
Location
The location of the interview
MEEM (3rd Floor Display Case)
Bibliography
<ul><li>Charles E. Ashcroft, “<a href="https://www.datamp.org/patents/search/advance.php?pn=295093&id=58181%20&set=3.">Pressure-Gage-Testing Apparatus.</a>” US Patent 295,093, Mar. 11, 1884. Www.datamp.org.</li>
<li>F.J. Deverall, "<a href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US301575A/en">Can</a>,” US Patent 301,575, July 8, 1884. Google Patents.</li>
<li>U.S. Geological Survey, “<a href="https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/why-does-usgs-use-spelling-gage-instead-gauge">Why Does the USGS Use the Spelling ‘Gage’ instead of ‘Gauge’?</a>” n.d. Www.usgs.gov. Accessed March 27, 2023.</li>
</ul>
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Pressure Gage Testing Apparatus
Subject
The topic of the resource
gauges; steam engineering; mechanical engineering; boilers
Description
An account of the resource
<h4>Physical Description</h4>
A brass pressure gauge testing apparatus kit inside a fitted wooden case. The kit consists of a wooden base, brass cylinders, a reflective metallic weigh plate, four bolts, an oil pan, two notepads, and a steel wrench. <br /><br />The main brass body of the instrument is composed of 3 cylinders: 1) a main upright cylinder with threaded cap that is removed to insert the weigh plate; 2) an L-shaped arm with a horizontal cylinder perpendicular to the main one whose diameter varies by about 10mm and a 90° upward bend, terminating in a threaded opening; and 3) an upright diagonal cylinder that has a threaded adjustment arm within for adjusting pressure inside the apparatus during the testing of a pressure gauge. The L-shaped arm has a valve release knob on its horizontal portion and a threaded top on its vertical portion where a threaded pressure gauge attaches. <br /><br />The rest of the kit is organized in engineered slots for all of the components. The instrument fits snugly within the wooden case, the metallic weigh plate is held in place on the wooden kit base with 3 adjustable wooden pegs. Four pressure gauge adapters for different thread combinations fit into four wooden holes to the right of the wooden kit base, and the oil pan fits just underneath an oil release valve on the horizontal portion of the L-shaped arm. In addition, notepads and a wrench are kept in the case, but without dedicated spots. <br /><br />The wooden case itself has a single metal latch on the front face and a handle on the top. It is marked with a Michigan College of Mining and Technology property tag underneath the latch that reads “MCMT-1 741 1” ,which places the date of acquisition of this instrument between 1925 and 1967, the period in which out university bore that name. (A paper tag that reads “5” attached with cellophane tape is presumably just a collection number for the MEEM department records). <br /><br />There are several inscriptions engraved on the instrument. On the top of the wooden base at the rear there is “1073” likely indicating a production number, the 1073rd apparatus to come out of production from Crosby Steam Gage & Valve Co. On the main upright cylinder is engraved “PAT. MAR 11 1884”, signifying the date a U.S. patent was granted. On the knob of the perpendicular cylinder, “DRAIN” and “OPEN” are on the flat faces to signify the position on the internal drain valve. “X” appears on both of the small side faces of the knob to signify the stoppage of oil flow. The inside face on the spout of the oil pan also has an engraving “PAT. U.S.A. DEVERALL’S”, signifying the producer of the pan.
<h4>Functional Description</h4>
The instrument is intended to be attached to pressure gauges on steam engines and other steam machinery with pressure gauge displays to test their accuracy. <br /><br />To properly use the instrument, one would unscrew the cap on the main upright brass cylinder and insert the metallic weight plate. Then, they would select one of the four adapters that matches the threading type and size (they take the ¾-16 thread to either 13mm(male), 13mm(female), 9mm(female), or 4mm(male)) of the pressure gauge to be tested and screw that into the receptacle at the end of the L-arm. The kit-provided wrench may be used to tighten the bolt, and a weight (not included with the kit) would be placed on top of the metallic weigh plate. The threaded adjustment arm in the diagonal cylinder would then be screwed in or out to bleed off the appropriate amount of pressure as to not launch the weigh plate off of the apparatus, and the pressure gauge would then be screwed into the aforementioned bolt on the perpendicular arm to begin testing. The results would then be recorded on the provided notepad. Oil that collects inside the apparatus from the steam is periodically drained into the provided pan and refilled as necessary to prevent pressure buildup or malfunction in the instrument. <br /><br />It is not known the methods for which the threaded pressure adjustment arm in the diagonal cylinder are properly used, as there are no provided instructions or documentation with the instrument or available in records online. It can be assumed that the calculations for how much pressure to release when testing are able to be performed by hand based on the amount of pressure the gauge being tested is responsible for.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Peyton Hall
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
c.1884
Language
A language of the resource
English
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
MTU (MCMT) property tag 17411. MEEM Inventory #5
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
United States of America
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
physical object
19C
Mechanical Engineering
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
MEEM
Description
An account of the resource
Historic scientific instruments held by the Department of Mechanical Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA.
Physical Object
Use this field for any solid object.
Physical Dimensions
The actual physical size of the original image
Minimum: 152.4mm X 38.1mm X 7.9mm
Maximum Extended: 279.4mm X 38.1mm X 7.9mm
Materials
Aluminum, Plastic
Maker
Pickett & Eckel - Chicago, Illinois, US
Inscriptions
MODEL | N600-ES | LOG LOG | SPEED RULE | PICKETT | MADE IN USA | PICKETT | ALL METAL | SLIDE RULES | PICKETT & ECKEL. | INC. | CHICAGO, ILL | © 1962
Scale Label Inscription in Order (Description, Function, Range)
LL1 (Log Log, e0.01x, greater than 1: 1.01-1.15 and less than 1: descending 0.99-0.91, Logarithmic) |
A (Scale of squares, x2, two repeated 1-10 scales, Logarithmic) |
B (Scale of Squares, x2, two repeated 1-10 scales, Logarithmic) |
ST (Scale of sines and tangents, sin(x) tan(x), 0.6-5.5, Logarithmic) |
T (Scale of tangents and cotangents, tan(x) cot(x), 6-45 ascending and 84-45 descending, Logarithmic) |
S (Scale of sines and cosines, sin(x) cos(x), 5.8-90 ascending and 20-84 descending, Logarithmic) |
C (Fundamental Slide Rule Scale, x, 1-10, Logarithmic) |
D (Fundamental Slide Rule Scale, x, 1-10, Logarithmic) |
DI (Reciprocal D scale, 1/x, descending 1-10, Logarithmic) |
K (Scale of cubes, x3, three repeated 1-10 scales, Logarithmic) |
LL2 (Log Log, e0.1x, greater than 1: 1.11-e and less than 1: descending 0.90-0.40, Logarithmic) |
DF (Folded D scale, x*pi, pi-10 then 1-pi, Logarithmic) |
CF (Folded C scale, x*pi, pi-10 then 1-pi, Logarithmic) |
Ln (Natural log scale, ln(x), 0-2.3, Linear) |
L (Log scale, log(x), 1-10, Linear) |
CI (Reciprocal C scale, 1/x, descending 1-10, Logarithmic) |
C (Repeated) |
D (Repeated) |
LL3 (Log Log, ex, greater than 1: e-20M and less than 1: descending 0.37-0.0001, Logarithmic)
History of the Object
Slides rules were used in math intensive engineering courses to perform calculations. Slides rules were eventually replaced by calculators and are now mostly obsolete.
Location
The location of the interview
MEEM, Third floor display case, 3rd case from the right, 2nd shelf
Bibliography
MacKenzie, D. Scott. “Illustrated Self-Guided Course On How To Use The Slide Rule.” Sliderulermuseum. November 18, 2019. https://www.sliderulemuseum.com/SR_Course.htm
Marcotte, Eric. “Types of Slide Rules and their Scales.” Sliderule. November 18, 2019. https://www.sliderule.ca/scales.htm
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Pickett Model N600-ES Log Log Speed Rule
Subject
The topic of the resource
Engineering; Mechanical Engineering; Mathematics
Description
An account of the resource
Physical Description:
The Pickett Model N600-ES Log Log slide rule is constructed using three yellow painted aluminum bars. The “ES” in the model name means “Eye-Saver” and refers to the yellow painted construction. The two outer bars are called the stators and are attached by a brace on both ends. The braces create a gap between the two stators where the third aluminum bar, called the slide, fits into the grooves between the two stators. A clear plastic cursor slides along the outside of the stators. The cursor has a vertical hairline marker on both sides of the slide rule for lining up the scales between the slide and stators. The upper stator has LL1 and A scales on the front side and LL2 and DF scales on the backside. The lower stator has D, DI, and K scales on the front side and D and LL3 scales on the backside. The slide has B, ST, T, S, and C scales on the front side and CF, Ln, L, CI, and C scales on the backside. The scales are usually logarithmic with a few exceptions such as the L and Ln scale which are log operations with a linear scale. The index of a scale is the furthest left number for the left index or the furthest right number for the right index. The scale ranges and operations are described under inscriptions.
Functional Description:
The Pickett Model N600-ES Log Log slide rule is a duplex slide rule. A duplex slide rule has scales on both sides of the slide rule and a dual-faced cursor. The dual-faced cursor allows for relating one side of the scale to the other side for a greater number of calculations. Logarithmic scales have a multiplication and division property discovered by William Oughtred in 1630 that allow for the operations of multiplication and division instead of addition and subtraction of linear scales. Multiplication is the simplest operation on a slide rule using the two fundamental scales, C and D. To multiply two numbers, x and y, the left index of C is positioned over x on the D scale. Then the cursor is position over y on the C scale. The value of the cursor on the D scale is the solution to x multiplied by y. The decimal place may need to be adjusted to get the correct order of magnitude since the C and D scale has values ranging from 1 to 10. The other scales are used to perform different operations such as squares, reciprocals, exponentials, and sines, cosines, and tangents.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Gideon Hoekstra, Nick Renke, Donovan Doran, Erik Madson
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1962
Language
A language of the resource
English
20C
20th Century
Eckel
Engineering
Mathematics
Mechanical Engineering
Pickett
Scale
Slide
Slide Rule
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
MEEM
Description
An account of the resource
Historic scientific instruments held by the Department of Mechanical Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA.
Physical Object
Use this field for any solid object.
Physical Dimensions
The actual physical size of the original image
Length 304.4 X Width 165.1 X Height 355.6 mm
Key Shape 1: 17.5 X 9.5 X 17.5 mm Key Shape 2: 38.1 X 9.5 X 17.5 mm
Materials
Metal, plastic, paint, glass, and rubber.
Maker
WANG Laboratories, Inc.
Inscriptions
FRONT: PROGRAMMING KEYBOARD | MODEL 370 ELECTRONIC CALCULATOR WANG LABORATORIES, INC. MASS. U.S.A. WANG PROPERTY OF | 41904 MICHIGAN | TECHNOLOGICAL | UNIVERSITY BACK
FUSE TURN OFF | ON POWER 115 AC | 60 CPS I/O E.P. READER
BOTTOM: Wang Laboratories Inc. | ELECTRONIC CALCULATOR | 370 SYSTEMS | MODEL NO. 370/370-2 | SERIAL NO. 700185 | TEWKSBURY, MASS, U.S.A. AUG 14 1968
History of the Object
Likely used as an early programming device and calculator at the school before being replaced by better computers.
Location
The location of the interview
MEEM 3rd Floor, Hallway Display Case
Bibliography
Bensene, Rick. “Wang Laboratories: From
Custom Systems to Computers.” The Old Calculator Web Museum. September 8, 2019. Accessed November 18, 2019. https://www.oldcalculatormuseum.com/d- wangcustom.html
Wang Calculators – History.” DoPECC.
Accessed November 18, 2019. https://dopecc.net/calculators/wang/
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Wang Laboratories Model 370 Programming Calculator
Subject
The topic of the resource
Mathematics; Science; Engineering; Financial Services.
Description
An account of the resource
A rectangular shaped (304.4 Length X 165.1Width X 355.6 Height mm) device. This frame is made of metal that is painted everywhere except the stainless steel bottom. The front of the calculator contains a panel and display board. The panel holds 56 plastic keys of different shapes (Key Shape 1: 17.5 X 9.5 X 17.5 mm & Key Shape 2: 38.1 X 9.5 X 17.5 mm) and colors (black, gray, white, and blue) and 12 small white switches. The display board is a clear plastic sheet with a 14-digit display of nixie tubes behind it. On top there are multiple openings, likely for ventilation. On the back near the bottom is a black plastic knob, a switch for power, 2 slots for inputting cords, and 2 cords that go out.
Functional Description:
The Wang Model 370 Programmer is a primitive calculator that was capable of being programmed for adding loops, logical tests, jumps, and subroutine calls. This turned the calculator into a small computer.
On the keyboard are many different commands for programming and many basic calculator operations (such as add, subtract, multiply, divide, etc.). The 370 Programmer calculates operations and displays them on through the clear plastic screen via lighting up different nixie tubes shaped into numbers.
The 370 was capable of programming and reading code. It could use the programming keys on the keyboard to create a code. It could attach to a card reader that would read punch out sheets and translate the card into code for the 370 to use. Both methods could then store the code on the 370 to be used later.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Gideon Hoekstra, Donovan Doran, Erik Madson, Nick Renke
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1967-1968
Language
A language of the resource
English
20C
Calculating
Computing
Engineering
Math
Science
Timecards
WANG
Wang 370
-
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
MEEM
Description
An account of the resource
Historic scientific instruments held by the Department of Mechanical Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA.
Physical Object
Use this field for any solid object.
Physical Dimensions
The actual physical size of the original image
Oak case with a leather handle: Length 7.75 x Width 7.75 x Height 4.5"
Materials
Glass, Metal, Paper, and Wood
Maker
Weston Electrical Instrument Co.
Inscriptions
F-552-1M-2-29|WESTON D.C. VOLTMETER, MODEL 45, No [handwritten: “38129”] |
This instrument indicates International Volts and is correct within ½ of 1%|
of full scale value at any part of the scale at [handwritten: “75° F.”] |
For ordinary measurements no temperature correction is required. If greater|
accuracy is desired, multiply readings by:-|
[handwritten: “1-0.00007(t-75° F)”] for the [handwritten: “150&300”] Volt Ranges|
”_________________” “________________” “|
”_________________” “________________” “|
Resistance of [handwritten: “150”] Volt Range [handwritten: “15000”] Int. ohms at [handwritten: “75° F”]|
“ [handwritten: “300”] “ “[handwritten: “30000”] “ “ “ ___________|
“ _________________” “________________” “ “ “ ___________|
Standardized at Weston Laboratory, Newark, N.J., U. S. A.|
Dated [handwritten(cursive): “March 24”] 1930|
Certified [handwritten(cursive): “J.B. Dourden”]
Location
The location of the interview
Mechanical Engineering-Engineering Mechanics Building Third Floor Display Case
Bibliography
"Weston D.C. Voltmeter, Model 45", Robert A. Paselk Scientific Instrument Museum. (2010). Accessed on 11/17/2019. https://www2.humboldt.edu/scimus/HSTC.27-35/Descriptions/DCVMeter.htm
Science History Institute. Weston Ammeter Model 45. 2016. Photograph. Science History Institute. Philadelphia. https://digital.sciencehistory.org/works/ht24wj48w.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Weston D.C. Voltmeter, Model 45
Description
An account of the resource
Front face with lid opened:
Knobs: Toward the top of the box on the front face, there are 3 screw knobs (two on the left, one on the right). Each dial has a knurled surface, and when unscrewed, reveals a metal electrical lead. Above the knobs on the left are circular labels with white text that say “300” and “150”. On the right, a similarly formatted inscription above the right knob has a “+”.
Front face surface: the entire surface is a black, knurly surface. On it is a circular boss that drops below the hinge mounts, such that the user can only see half of the circle. In the boss, there is a quarter-circular slot with glass in it such that the user can see the white label underneath it. A singular needle points to labels marked from 0 to 300, with increments of 20. Below those markings, there are similar markings in red instead of black, that increment by 10 and go from 0 to 150. Below that is the label “WESTON D.C. VOLTMETER”. The individual line increments on the white portion have 10 increments in between each labeled increment, with a longer split marking 5 increments.
Functional Description: This object is intended to measure voltage through use of the leads underneath the screw knobs. One attaches their charged leads to either the 300 or 150 lead and the “+” lead. When this is done, the needle points to the amount of voltage between the user’s charged leads.
The holes on the inside of the lid are probably for storing the electrical lead screw knobs, such that they do not get lost.
The instrument can be used on its back or on its bottom, and the user can use the latch to close the device during storage. When the leather strap was still there, it could be used to carry the device around.
The “correction” knob on the front can be used for fine-tuning/calibrating the instrument’s measurements.
The measurement of voltage can suit many applications, but in this case, it looks like it was for a specific class (The “EE” course prefix probably signifies the electrical engineering department).
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Cooper Sheldon, John Wyrzykowski, Ben Weigand, Nick Silvestri
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
March 1930
Language
A language of the resource
English
Subject
The topic of the resource
Electrical Measurement
Electricity
Measurement
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
MEEM
Description
An account of the resource
Historic scientific instruments held by the Department of Mechanical Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA.
Physical Object
Use this field for any solid object.
Physical Dimensions
The actual physical size of the original image
Tracer arm: 2.25 cm width x 25.5 cm length x 3.5 cm depth
Body: 23.5 cm length x 6 cm width x 2.25 cm depth
Materials
Device: Steel, Bronze, and Silver
Case: Leather and Felt
Maker
Keuffel and Esser Co., Hoboken, NJ
Inscriptions
To the left: K&E 4242 Compensating Polar Planimeter | When Tracer Arm is set to: 2024 | One revolution of dial = 100.00 sq. in. | One revolution of wheel = 10.00 “ “ | Distance between wheel Nos. = 1.00 “ “ | Distance between graduations = 0.10 “ “ | One unit on Vernier = 0.01 “ “ | Standard setting of Pole Arm for measuring in square inches, | ”pole inside figure”. 30.79 | See instructions for other settings of arms | 12,806-9. Keuffel & Esser Co. <br /><br />To the right: Serial NO. | 109768 | 32.35 | 1000.0 sq. cm. | 100.0 “ “ | 100.0 “ “ | 10.0 “ “ | 1.0 “ “ | 0.1 “ “
History of the Object
This object's history is connected to the model number "4242". The Keuffel & Esser Company of New York sold this instrument model from 1901 to 1972. The price was $46.50 in 1909, $33.50 in 1915, and $55.00 in 1921; presumably, World War I affected Coradi's ability to export planimeters. By 1936, a German firm was manufacturing model 4242 for K&E's Paragon product line. Compare to 1998.0032.03. See 1991.0882.02 for a later instruction manual.
Location
The location of the interview
Mechanical Engineering-Engineering Mechanics Building, 3rd Floor, Second Case from the Left
Bibliography
Clark McCoy, "Collection of Pages from K&E Catalogs for the 4242 Family of Polar Planimeters," http://www.mccoys-kecatalogs.com/PlanimeterModels/ke4242family.htm;
Catalogue of Keuffel & Esser, 33rd ed. (New York, 1909), 322;
Catalogue of Keuffel & Esser, 35th ed. (New York, 1915), 315;
Catalogue of Keuffel & Esser, 36th ed. (New York, 1921), 257;
Catalogue of Keuffel & Esser, 38th ed. (New York, 1936), 340.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Language
A language of the resource
English
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Mechanical Engineering-Engineering Mechanics Building, 3rd Floor, Second Case from the Left
Title
A name given to the resource
4242 compensating polar planimeter
Subject
The topic of the resource
Engineering; Mathematics
Description
An account of the resource
<strong>Physical Description</strong>: The Keuffel and Esser polar planimeter is composed of two individual pieces. One being the main body, and the other a tracer arm. Both sections are comprised of tarnished silver square rods with black markings indicating distance in millimeter; these rods being made of some black painted metal. Two dials are attached to the main body or larger section; one is horizontal, the other vertical. These dials are made of black painted metal with white lines and white numbers. The tracer arm is composed of a long square sections with a large balled pin on one end, and a large cylindrical mass on the other end that has a small pin on the bottom. The main body has a long square rod made of tarnished silver, with a black painted metal portion attached. This metal portion holds the aforementioned two dials. On the end of the silver square rod is a spike, this being attached to the rod via a black metal tab. The tracer arm and main body are combined by inserting the large balled pin into a hole on the surface of the main body. The object's case is a black rectangular box with a metallic clip latch. The inside of the case is lined with pear green felt material. On the inside of the lid is a white paper card with black old-style lettering. Inside the case and screwed to the bottom is a bronze stamped nameplate. <br /><br /><strong>Functional Description</strong>: The planimeter was used to measure the area of a 2d surface. It did this by having a tracer arm that remained stationary about a point, while the main body rotated and translated with the area’s curve. The dials attached measured the rotation and translation, and the resulting values could be used to calculate the area of the section enclosed by the device.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1901-1936
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
physical object
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Cooper Sheldon, John Wyrzykowski, Ben Weigand, Nick Silvestri
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
MEEM
Description
An account of the resource
Historic scientific instruments held by the Department of Mechanical Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA.
Physical Object
Use this field for any solid object.
Physical Dimensions
The actual physical size of the original image
Box: 285 x 240 x 207 mm
Cylinders: height of 90 mm, diam. 50 mm
Springs: 53-63 mm long
Valves: thread sizes of 20 and 25 mm
Materials
Indicator: bronze, steel, rope, graphite
Box: Wood, brass
Maker
American Steam Gauge Co., Boston, MA.
Location
The location of the interview
MEEM, 3rd floor display case
Inscriptions
AMERICAN | STEAM GAUGE &. V. MFG.CO | BOSTON, U.S.A. | PAT'D. JAN. 31. 1899. | PAT'D. JUNE 7. 1904 | J.W. THOMPSON | PAT'D AUG. 31. 75 | 4994 [Indicator]<br /><br />312 | 25 [Cylinder]<br /><br />4994 [Box]<br /><br />10 | 20 | 30 | 40 | 60 | 80 [Springs]
History of the Object
<p dir="ltr"><span>The object was made by the firm the American Steam Gauge Company of Boston, MA. The indicator was initially invented by James Watt, who also is credited with the invention of the steam engine. Joseph Thompson is the creator of this steam engine indicator with his patent being granted on Aug 31, 1875. The instrument was manufactured by The American Steam Gauge Company, which was founded in 1851. The instrument was sold as the “American Thompson Improved Indicator”, and was considered to be high end among steam indicators of the time. The improvements of the Thompson indicator over previous models were that the writing component followed an elliptical pattern to maintain a straight line on the recording barrel. This resulted in less inertia and increased the engine speeds, and pressures that the indicator could be used at. The patent granted in 1904 to Earl Vaughn had the benefits of making the indicator easier to disassemble for adaptability of the indicator. For this reason it is believed that this indicator was manufactured sometime after 1904.</span></p>
Bibliography
<p dir="ltr"><span>"The Story of the Steam Engine Indicator." last modified July/August 2001 http://www.farmcollector.com/steam-traction/story-steam-engine-indicator</span></p>
<p dir="ltr"><span><em>Engineer: with which is incorporated steam engineering, volume 35</em> ..</span><span> Vol. 42. (Chicago: The Engineer Publishing Company, 1905). </span></p>
<p dir="ltr"><span>Dorn, Harold. </span><em>Dictionary of Scientific Biography</em><span>. Vol. 14. (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1976), 196-99.</span></p>
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
American Thompson Steam Gauge
Description
An account of the resource
Physical Description:<br /><p dir="ltr"><span>The Thompson Improved Steam Indicator comes in a dark stained wooden box 285mm wide, 207mm deep, and 240mm tall. It opens about halfway up its height to reveal a number of objects. The box, as well as various components, are serial numbered 4994. Inside the box there are pockets as well as mounts for the various objects to go into which can be seen in the images provided.</span></p>
<p dir="ltr"><span>In the center is the steam indicator, which resembles two off-center attached cylinders screwed onto a mount. The cylinders are both 90mm in height and 50mm in diameter. The top cylinder has a slot to affix a cardstock, a stylus arm and pull string. The bottom cylinder has the arm holding the stylus and a spring inside to control the stylus arm. The bottom of the bottom cylinder has threads and ties to the mount on the bottom of the box, as well as thumb bars on the bottom to attach or unattach it by hand.</span></p>
<p dir="ltr"><span>The steam indicator comes with 6 springs numbered 10, 20, 30, 40, 60, and 80, which range in length from 53-63mm long. These springs are threaded onto mounts on the upper half of the box and can replace the spring inside the bottom cylinder of the steam indicator. This allows the system to make more precise graphs depending on the pressure that the engine is putting out.</span></p>
<p dir="ltr"><span>In addition to the above, there are also two globe shut-off valves with thread sizes of 20 and 25mm. The valves come with caps for one side to prevent damage to the threads that could result in inadequate attachment . There is also a torque wrench used to tighten the lower cylinder onto the engine that the indicator will be attached to. There is also a small vial of oil, for the joints of the stylus arm or the springs. There was also a specialized wrench designed to tighten the components in order to prevent gas leaks. The final component was a ruler with a screw driver end that allowed for the dismantling of the indicator as well as measuring the height of the graphs drawn by the arm allowing the user to find the pressure in the system.</span></p>
<p dir="ltr"><span>Functional Description:<br /></span></p>
<p dir="ltr"><span>In order to use the Thompson steam indicator, the user fastened</span><span> the stainless-steel ball valve to the steam engine being analyzed. The indicator was then be fastened to the open end of the ball valve via a threaded connection. With the ball valve opened, the steam within the engine’s piston</span><span> exerts pressure on a spring enclosed within a 100 mm tall, 30 mm diam. cylinder of the indicator. A plunger connected to the spring is </span><span> </span><span>forced upward depending upon the force received by the spring. The motion of the plunger moves the 80 mm long arm vertically, which determines the markings made by the attached pencil. The pencil marks a piece of paper, which is wrapped around the upper cylinder (90 mm tall and 51 mm dia) of the indicator. Wrapped around this upper cylinder is a string whose function is to rotate the cylinder about its center. If the string were left free to hang, the steam pressure pushes the pencil upward, making a straight vertical line on the paper. However, the string was fastened to a component of the engine to allow for the engine piston and the cylinder to move in unison. The string moves the cylinder of the steam indicator in unison with the piston throughout the entire stroke, and a continuous marking is made to illustrate the pressure at each point of the stroke as the pencil is moved upward and downward while the cylinder pivots throughout the process. Thus, the vertical motion of the pencil graphs changes in pressure, while the rotation of the cylinder indicates the phase of the piston cycle, and so in unison the pencil plots a diagram of the pressure cycle in the engine.</span></p>
<p dir="ltr"><span>The indicator was designed to record the stroke of a steam engine, particularly locomotives. At the start of the stroke, the inlet valve opens completely, allowing the maximum force to be applied to the spring by the steam. The pencil marks a horizontal line at its highest point in the cycle from left to right. At cut-off, the inlet valve closes and expansion of the steam occurs, during which the force gradually decreases. This phase is indicated by a pencil mark resembling an exponential decay curve. At release</span><span>, the exhaust valve opens, releasing the steam and the force is at its minimum, resulting in a straight horizontal pencil mark at the lowest point of the curve—this time from right to left. When the exhaust valve closes, compression occurs, causing a gradual rise in pressure. When the inlet valve opens again, the gradual increase in pressure becomes a sharp increase, causing the pencil to mark a straight vertical line returning to the first point of the cycle when the steam pressure exerts its greatest force on the spring. The end product of this device is a card illustrating the change in pressure throughout the continuous cycle of the steam engine. For an engine operating at 250 RPM, the device could generate one cycle plot (or card) per minute.</span></p>
<p dir="ltr"><span>The spring within the indicator can be replaced with a larger spring to record higher steam engine pressures. The set of springs are marked according to their compressive strength: the spring marked #100 converts the force from 100 psi gauge-pressure</span><span>steam into a pencil movement of one inch, a #80 spring converts 80 psig steam into a movement of one inch, and so on.</span></p>
<p dir="ltr"><span>Though the steam indicator was primarily used on locomotives, it could also be applied to traction engines and artillery</span><span>. Due to the high cost of the indicator, it was seldom used on traction engines beyond the confines of the factory in which it was produced. When applied to heavy artillery, the oil in the recoil chamber would replace the steam as the working fluid and exert a pressure on the spring.</span><span> The string would be fastened to the barrel to allow for the recoil movement to pull on the string.</span></p>
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Elsa Schwartz, Collin Graf, Sarah Hartman, Joel VanLanen, and Patrick Demorest.
Language
A language of the resource
English
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Physical object
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
United States of America
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1904
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
Serial no. 4994
Subject
The topic of the resource
Steam Engines; Pressure Systems; Artillery
19C
20C
mechanical
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
MEEM
Description
An account of the resource
Historic scientific instruments held by the Department of Mechanical Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA.
Physical Object
Use this field for any solid object.
History of the Object
The JAN-CRC-861 Radiotron was built in the United States by the RCA company for the use of the US Navy around the 1940s. The 861 series was widely used within the TBM and TBK series of transmitters within th Power Output stage. RCA was founded in 1919 by General Electric and manufactured high powered radio technology. RCA now produces products like 4K televisions, tablets, smartphones, and other home appliances. It is unclear when and why Michigan Tech acquired this device.
Vacuum tubes were first invented in 1904 by British scientist John Ambrose Fleming while investigating the "Edison effect", now know as thermionic emission and helping design Marconi's trans-Atlantic transmitter (Fleming is the attriuted creator of the "right-hand rule" for relating the direction of magnetic field, conductor motion, and induced electromagnetic force). Fleming was primarily interested in producing a "rectifier" that was an improvement on current "cat-and-whisker" techniques - which were especially vulnerable to vibrations (a problem for naval use).
The tube Fleming produced was a "diode", having only the cathode and the anode. The introduction of the middling mesh was a product of Lee De Forest in 1907, creating the "triode" ("tetrode" and higher versions also exist). De Fores was, like Fleming, interested in producing a better dector (rectifier) for radiotelephonic uses however analysis of contemporary writings indicate he didn't quite understand how his invention worked, especially in it's possible uses as an amplifier/oscillator - even cautioning against having "too much of a vacuum".
Nonetheless, the invention of the triode tube made transcontinental telephony possible for the first time. Vacuum tubes quickly branched out of radiotelephony as uses were found in power grids, tv, and even computers. However with the discovery of semiconductors in the 1940s and transistors in 1960s, Vacuum tubes were gradually phased out in efforts to reduce size, speed and cost and improve reliability. Cathode-ray tubes continued to be used in tvs until recently and vacuum tubes are still used in a variety of locations - Magnetron in microwaves and some high-frequency amplifiers.
Location
The location of the interview
MEEM building Room 607
Physical Dimensions
The actual physical size of the original image
Height: 41 cm
Width: 25 cm
Bulb Diameter: 18.34 cm
Length: 24.34 cm
Materials
Glass, conducting metal and wires, plastic
Maker
RCA Corporation
Inscriptions
Metal Base of Radiotron: JAN CRC-861 / VT-19 / Made in U.S.A. VI / RCA / H1201
Wooden Base: "High power radioton, circa 1940 (power output stage for a transmitter) Manufactured by RCA for U.S. Navy."
Typewritten Note: "Max plate dissipation 400 watts fil 11 volts at 10 amp. Max plate voltage 3500. Max screen voltage 750. Max screen dissipation 35 watts. Class C amp. Plate voltage 3500, Screen voltage 500, Grid voltage 250, Plate current 300 Ma. Screen current 40 Ma. Grid current 40 Ma. Driving Power 30 Watts. Output 700 watts."
Bibliography
<ul><li>"<a href="https://www.antiqueradios.com/forums/viewtopic.php?t=35985">Odd Huge Vacuum Tube CRC 861,</a>" <em>Antique Radios</em> [discussion formum], July 2004. Web. 3 Mar. 2017.</li>
<li>John Ambrose Fleming<span><span>, "<a href="https://www.google.com/patents/US803684">Instrument for Converting Alternating Electric Currents into Continuous Currents</a>", U.S. patent no. 803,684, Nov. 7, 1905.</span></span></li>
<li><span><span>Lee DeForest, "<a href="https://www.google.com/patents/US879532">Space Telegraphy</a>", U.S. patent no. 879,532, Feb. 18, 1908.</span></span></li>
<li><em>Dictionary of Scientific Biography,</em> vol. 4 and 5.</li>
</ul>
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Radiotron
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Emily Oppliger, Grayson Hooper, Anthony Miller, Colton Kettlehut, Cam Dulong
Description
An account of the resource
<em>Physical Description</em>: The Radiotron is a tall glass tube that stands 41cm high. The total width of the Radiotron is 25cm. The main glass sphere has a diameter of 18.34 cm. Attached to one side of this sphere is a tubular piece that has an outside diameter of 3.175 cm and an inside diameter of 2.5cm. The tubular piece is extruded 6 cm out from the sphere. The main body has two steel pegs that are used as electrical contact points. At the bottom of the structure there is a steel collar where wires are fed into the Radiotron. The Radiotron has many important internal parts; comprised of steel, steel mesh, and aluminum as seen in the figure which shows a detailed drawing of the Radiotron. <br /><br /><em>Functional Description</em>: The Radiotron is a triode vacuum-tube, working through a process known as thermionic emission, in which a cathode tube is heated so that it throws off electrons in the surrounding space. Surrounding the cathode is a metal plate which, if positively charged, will attract the ejected electrons, establishing a current. The radiotron is a triode vacuum tube, in which a small metal metsh is placed between the cathode and the anode plate. This mesh, if connected to a negative voltage, can reduce or shut off the stream of electrons from the cathode to the anode. This setup allows for small changes in voltage through the mesh to correspond to large voltage changes in the anode acting as an electric amplifier. The Radiotron is then attached as part of a larger circuit, in the case of our object, likely as a power amplifier aboard a navy ship.
Relation
A related resource
Related to vacuum tubes
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
Physical Object
Language
A language of the resource
English